9 février 1904
27 novembre 1921
Service du crédit mutuel et de la coopération agricoles
Service de la mutualité agricole et de l'économie rurale
France. Ministère de l'Agriculture. Service du crédit, de la coopération et de la mutualité agricoles (1904-1921)
À la fin du XIXe siècle, la volonté de l’Etat de moderniser l’agriculture française se heurte à la pratique de l’usure et à l’absence de structures de crédit adaptées au monde paysan.
La loi Waldeck-Rousseau autorisant la constitution d’associations et de syndicats permet la création, en 1885, de la société de crédit mutuel de l’arrondissement de Poligny (Jura). Le principe de cette société est de collecter les fonds de ses sociétaires pour ensuite les prêter aux agriculteurs qui en expriment le besoin, et ce, à des taux attractifs.
La loi du 5 novembre 1894 autorise la création de sociétés de crédit agricole par tout ou partie des membres des syndicats professionnels agricoles. Le but de ces sociétés, défini par cette même loi, est de financer et sécuriser les opérations relatives à l’industrie agricole effectuées par les syndicats ou leurs membres.
Ces caisses locales vont être placées sous la direction de caisses régionales de crédit agricole mutuel par la loi du 31 mars 1899, de plus, cette loi impose à la Banque de France de leur faire l’avance de 40 millions de Franc-or pour accomplir leur objectif d’harmonisation, de contrôle et de facilitation de l’action des caisses locales.
La répartition des avances faites aux caisses régionales est effectuée par une commission composée du ministre de l’Agriculture, de membres des assemblées, du Conseil d’Etat, de la Cour des comptes, du Conseil supérieur de l’agriculture, du gouverneur de la Banque de France, ainsi que de hauts fonctionnaires et de membres de sociétés de crédit agricole.
En outre, la loi du 31 mars 1899 oblige le ministre de l’Agriculture à rendre au président de la République un rapport annuel sur les opérations menées par les caisses régionales.
Le rapport du ministre de l’Agriculture Léon Mougeot du 9 février 1904 au président de la République fait part de la nécessité de doter l’administration centrale d’un service central autonome dédié au crédit agricole afin de poursuivre les efforts de création de caisses régionales et de réduire les difficultés de leur fonctionnement.
Ce rapport est suivi d’un décret constituant un service des caisses régionales de crédit agricole désormais détaché de la direction de l’agriculture et directement placé sous les ordres du ministre. Ce service a pour objectif d’encourager la création de caisses locales, d’encadrer leur fonctionnement, de répartir les avances, d’instruire les demandes de crédit. Il est également responsable de la gestion des assurances mutuelles et des secours octroyés pour les calamités agricoles (législation, subventions, secours).
Le décret du 19 mai 1909 portant les attributions des services et des bureaux de l’administration centrale du ministère de l’Agriculture et répartissant le personnel gradé dans les services crée un service du crédit mutuel et de la coopération agricoles.
Ce service est composé de deux sections :
l’une dédiée au crédit mutuel, chargée de surveiller et encourager la création et le fonctionnement des sociétés et caisse régionales de crédit agricole. Elle a également pour mission la centralisation des états et renseignements périodiques ainsi que l’établissement d’un rapport annuel au président de la République ;
l’autre dédiée à la coopération agricole, responsable du contrôle et de la gestion des sociétés coopératives, de l’instruction des demandes d’avance.
Le décret du 21 octobre 1911 portant réorganisation du ministère de l’Agriculture transforme le service du crédit mutuel et de la coopération agricole en un service du crédit, de la coopération et de la mutualité agricoles.
Placé directement sous les ordres du ministre, ce service est composé de quatre sections :
une section crédit mutuel dédiée à la création et au contrôle des caisses régionales de crédit agricole ainsi qu’à l’établissement d’études sur ces dernières ;
une section encouragements à la petite propriété rurale destinée à exécuter la loi du 19 mars 1910 instituant le crédit à long terme favorisant l’acquisition, l’aménagement, la transformation et la reconstitution des petites exploitations rurales. Cette loi permet aux caisses régionales de crédit agricole de demander des avances pour des crédits accordés sur 20 ans ;
une section coopération agricole dédiée à la création et au contrôle des coopératives agricoles ainsi qu’à l’établissement d’études sur ces dernières ;
une section assurances mutuelles et secours pour calamités agricoles qui veille au respect de la législation relative aux sociétés d’assurance mutuelles agricoles et à la gestion de leurs subventions.
Un service d’inspection du crédit, de la coopération et de la mutualité agricoles est institué par le décret du 2 mars 1916 relatif à la réorganisation des services de l’inspection du crédit et de la coopération agricoles et de ceux de l’inspection des assurances mutuelles. Ce nouveau service est chargé de la vérification de l’emploi des crédits octroyés à l’intensification de l’agriculture.
La loi du 5 août 1920 sur le crédit mutuel et la coopération agricole crée l’Office national du crédit agricole, établissement public chargé de la gestion et du contrôle des caisses locales et régionales, des sociétés coopératives agricoles, et des fonds issus des avances de l’Etat. Cette même loi rattache le service central du crédit, de la coopération et de la mutualité agricoles à l’Office national du crédit agricole. Ce nouvel établissement public annonce la disparition progressive du service du crédit, de la coopération et de la mutualité agricoles.
Dans un premier temps, le décret du 23 décembre 1920 modifiant la répartition des attributions du ministère entre les différents services constitue le service de la mutualité agricole et de l’économie rurale autour de plusieurs bureaux :
le bureau de la mutualité agricole, chargé de l’élaboration et du contrôle de la législation et de la jurisprudence relative à la mutualité et à l’assurance agricoles ainsi que de l’encouragement à la petite propriété ;
l’office de renseignements agricoles responsable de la réalisation d’études statistiques et économiques, de la législation concernant la vente des produits agricoles ainsi que des questions douanières et fiscales. Ce bureau est également chargé de la constitution, de la communication et de la diffusion de la documentation agricole.
Ce service, désormais amputé de ses fonctions de contrôle et de gestion des caisses locales et régionales, est rattaché à la direction de l’Agriculture par le décret du 9 mai 1921.
Enfin, le décret du 27 novembre 1921 fixant les attributions de la direction de l’agriculture transforme le service de la mutualité agricole et de l’économie rurale en un bureau de la mutualité agricole et de la législation rurale au sein de la direction de l’agriculture.
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