16 octobre 1867
9 août 1901
Orléans, Henri d’ (1867-1901)
Le prince Henri d’Orléans, second fils du duc et de la duchesse de Chartres, est né le 16 octobre 1867 à Morgan House, à Ham, en Angleterre, où se sont installés ses parents après leur mariage. Jusqu’en 1883, il a pour précepteur l’abbé Duteyeul puis il entre au collège Stanislas, à Paris, quand sa famille rentre en France. En 1884, il remporte un prix d’histoire au Concours général, puis obtient son baccalauréat l’année suivante. Après une préparation au concours d’entrée de l’École militaire de Saint-Cyr, il y est admissible. La loi d’exil de 1886 lui en interdit cependant l’accès. La vie mondaine, la chasse et le jeu deviennent alors ses occupations journalières.
En 1887, ses projets de voyage prennent forme. Le 22 septembre 1887, il part avec un ancien capitaine de Chasseurs et journaliste pour la Grèce puis l’Égypte, avant de poursuivre en Inde. Là-bas, ils retrouvent son cousin germain, le duc d’Orléans, fils du comte de Paris. Après des étapes au Japon et en Amérique du Nord, Henri d’Orléans rentre en France un an après son départ. Il reprend sa vie mondaine et ses habitudes d’endettement.
Le duc de Chartres refuse de financer un second voyage mais la perspective de pouvoir ainsi éloigner son fils de Paris le conduit à accepter un voyage d’exploration de régions inconnues, en Asie. En juillet 1889, Henri d’Orléans part de nouveau, accompagné de l’explorateur Gabriel Bonvalot et d’un missionnaire belge, le père De Deken. Partis de Russie, ils traversent le Tibet, la Chine et le Tonkin. Ce périple est récompensé par la médaille d’or de la Société de Géographie que les explorateurs reçoivent à leur retour en France en octobre 1890. Le prince Henri d’Orléans s’impose alors vraiment comme géographe et explorateur de renom : il participe au Congrès international des Sciences géographiques de Berne en juillet 1891, fait don de ses collections d’animaux au Muséum d’histoire naturelle et de ses collections tibétaines au Musée Guimet, il rédige de nombreux articles et publie son journal de voyage.
En 1892, il dresse la carte de l’Abyssinie ; il se rend au Tonkin où il en étudie le commerce puis remonte la Rivière Noire jusqu’au Laos, où il explore la région de Louang-Prabang avant d’arriver à Bangkok. A son retour, il expose ses collections et ses photographies. En 1894, il repart à destinatation de Madagascar et de l’Indochine. De là, il rejoint les Indes anglaises, en découvrant la région du Fleuve Rouge et du Mékong, les sources de l’Iraouady et le Brahmapoutre. Le succès de cette expédition, non encore tentée jusque-là, lui vaut une nouvelle médaille d’or de la Société de Géographie, ainsi que la médaille de la Légion d’honneur en février 1896.
Ensuite, le prince Henri se rend en Afrique, et notamment en Éthiopie où il découvre le mode de colonisation mis en place par les Italiens. Critiquant cette gestion dans son journal de voyage publié par le Figaro, il est contraint au duel par le comte de Turin, qui le blesse au ventre. Le but du voyage suivant est de rencontrer Marchand, responsable de la mission Congo-Nil, mais la crise de Fachoda coupe court à toute tentative d’exploration dans cette région. Le prince se contente donc de l’Algérie et de la Tunisie.
Le 1er mars 1901, il s’embarque pour l’Annam. Il meurt d’un abcès au foie, ou d’une crise de paludisme, à Saïgon, le 9 août. Le prince Henri d’Orléans, mort célibataire et sans enfants, est inhumé dans la chapelle royale de Dreux.
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