13 mars 1753
23 juin 1821
Penthièvre, Mademoiselle de (1753-1821)
Bourbon, Louise-Marie-Adélaïde de (1753-1821)
Bourbon-Penthièvre, Louise Marie Adélaïde de (1753-1821)
Chartres, Louise Marie Adélaïde (1753-1821 ; duchesse de)
Égalité, Citoyenne (1753-1821)
Orléans, Duchesse douairière d' (1753-1821)
Orléans, Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre (1753-1821 ; duchesse d')
Fille de Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, duc de Penthièvre (1725-1793), issu d’une branche bâtarde légitimée des Bourbons, et de Marie-Thérèse-Félicité d’Este (1726-1754), petite-fille du Régent, Louise Marie-Adélaïde est née le 13 mars 1753 à l’hôtel de Toulouse, à Paris. Elle est élevée chez les bénédictines de Montmartre dès l’âge de quatre ans.
La mort de son frère aîné, Louis Alexandre Joseph Stanislas de Bourbon, prince de Lamballe, fait d’elle la plus riche héritière du royaume en 1768. Sa fortune convainc Louis-Philippe d'Orléans (1747-1793), duc de Chartres, fils de Louis-Philippe d'Orléans (1725-1785), duc d'Orléans, de l’épouser en 1769, malgré le déséquilibre d’alliance que cela crée entre un prince du sang et une descendante illégitime de Louis XIV. En 1785, le duc de Chartres et son épouse Marie-Adélaïde deviennent duc et duchesse d’Orléans.
Malgré un mariage malheureux (le duc prend pour maîtresse la comtesse de Genlis, dame d'honneur de sa femme, qu'il nomme préceptrice de leurs enfants), le couple a cinq enfants vivants : Louis-Philippe (1773–1850), duc de Chartres, puis duc d'Orléans et roi des Français sous le nom de Louis-Philippe Ier ; Antoine ( 1775–1807), duc de Montpensier ; Adélaïde Louise (1777–1847), dite « Mademoiselle de Chartres » (1777), « Mademoiselle d'Orléans » (1782), puis Mademoiselle (1783-1812) et Madame Adélaïde (1830) ; une fille ( 1777- 1782), dite « Mademoiselle d'Orléans » ; Louis-Charles (1779–1808), comte de Beaujolais.
En avril 1791, la duchesse d’Orléans se réfugie, seule, en Normandie auprès de son père, le duc de Penthièvre. Après l’échec de la fuite de Louis XVI et de Marie-Antoinette (fin juin 1791), ils sont détenus quelques jours au château d’Eu puis se retirent aux châteaux d’Anet et de Bizy. Les massacres de septembre 1792 qui ont entraîné la mort atroce de la princesse de Lamballe, belle-sœur de la duchesse d’Orléans, puis la mort du roi votée par le duc d’Orléans, bouleversent Marie-Adélaïde, séparée de son mari depuis juillet 1792. Ses fils se sont engagés dans les armées révolutionnaires, suivant en cela les idées de leur père. Aide de camp du général Dumouriez, le duc de Chartres émigre lors de la trahison et de la fuite de ce dernier en mars 1793. En représailles, toute la famille d’Orléans est arrêtée. Marie-Adélaïde est assignée à résidence dans son château de Bizy, puis incarcérée à la prison du Luxembourg, après l’exécution de son mari en novembre 1793. Suite à la condamnation de Robespierre, elle est libérée, mais reste séparée de ses fils émigrés en Amérique, après leur libération, et de sa fille réfugiée avec sa gouvernante Mme de Genlis en Suisse puis en Allemagne.
Le coup d’État du 18 fructidor an V (1797) contraint les Bourbons à quitter le territoire français. La duchesse d’Orléans s’exile, avec le conventionnel Rouzet, en Espagne, où sa fille Adélaïde la rejoint. En 1809, elle retrouve son fils Louis-Philippe, duc d'Orléans, et elle l’accompagne à Palerme, pour demander la main de Marie-Amélie de Bourbon-Siciles. Elle revient en France en 1814 et entreprend de remettre en état les sépultures familiales, dans la chapelle du château de Dreux et fait bâtir la partie haute de l'actuelle chapelle royale Saint-Louis du château de Dreux.
Elle meurt d’un cancer du sein, le 23 juin 1821 au château d’Ivry-sur-Seine.
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