23 octobre 1901
6 janvier 1949
Parti républicain démocratique (PRD)
Alliance républicaine démocratique (ARD)
Alliance démocratique
Alliance démocratique (France ; 1901-1949)
Fondée en 1901 par Charles Pallu de la Barrière, l’Alliance républicaine démocratique est d’abord une simple association de parlementaires républicains, qui devient en 1911 un parti à part entière sous le nom de Parti républicain démocratique (PRD), puis d’Alliance démocratique (AD) en 1926 après plusieurs changements de nom. Fondée quelques mois après le Parti radical, elle est donc considérée comme le « deuxième parti politique créé en France ». L’Alliance est l’un des principaux partis du centre puis de la droite dans la seconde moitié de la Troisième République, à côté de la Fédération républicaine (FR), plus conservatrice. Ses membres sont directement issus des rangs des républicains dits opportunistes ou modérés ainsi que des républicains dits progressistes.
Composée « d’hommes qui, soit dans leur majorité parlementaire, soit dans le pays, ne sont ni radicaux, ni socialistes, mais profondément républicains et démocrates » (R. Sanson), l’Alliance combine la volonté de se démarquer des socialistes naissants au début du XXe siècle, tout en se rapprochant, par son soutien à la laïcité, du Parti radical (lui-même composé de plusieurs nuances allant du centre-gauche à la gauche). Soutenue par les milieux d’affaires, elle est considérée comme le parti des élites républicaines parisiennes, malgré le fort ancrage local de ses parlementaires : Paul Deschanel est par exemple député d’Eure-et-Loir sans interruption jusqu’en 1919, avant de devenir président de la République. Outre Paul Deschanel, l’Alliance compte parmi ses membres de nombreux politiciens majeurs de la Troisième République dont : Joseph Caillaux (jusqu’en 1911 et son ralliement au Parti radical) et tous les présidents de la République de 1899 à 1920 : Émile Loubet, Armand Fallières, Raymond Poincaré (président de la République de 1913 à 1920 puis président du Conseil de 1926 à 1929) et Paul Deschanel. On peut aussi mentionner Jean Dupuy (plusieurs fois ministre et vice-président du Sénat à partir de 1911), Louis Barthou (président du Conseil en 1913), André Tardieu (président du Conseil à plusieurs reprises en 1929, 1930 puis 1932), Paul Reynaud (président du Conseil en 1940), Albert Lebrun (président de la République de 1932 à 1940) et Pierre-Étienne Flandin (président du Conseil en 1934-1935 puis vice-président du Conseil sous le régime de Vichy).
L’Alliance évolue vers le centre au cours de son histoire : dès 1911, son érection en parti politique permet une démarcation d’avec les radicaux, alors qu’auparavant certains parlementaires naviguaient entre les deux formations. Les députés de l’Alliance n’en constituent pas moins les rangs de la gauche aux côtés des radicaux, plus réformistes, depuis les élections de 1902 jusqu’à celles de 1919. Ensuite, à la sortie de la Grande Guerre, elle participe à la formation du Bloc national (droite) aux côtés de la Fédération républicaine (droite libérale), de l’Action libérale populaire (ALP) de Jacques Piou (droite catholique) et du Parti socialiste national (socialistes anticommunistes).
Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l’Alliance rejoint le Rassemblement de la gauche républicaine (RGR) aux côtés de plusieurs autres formations du centre (notamment le Parti radical et le Parti radical indépendant) et de la gauche (notamment l’Union démocratique et socialiste de la Résistance et le Parti républicain socialiste).
Elle disparaît le 6 janvier 1949, lorsque ses membres s’allient avec d’autres formations et groupes parlementaires de la droite et du centre-droit (Fédération républicaine, Parti paysan d’union sociale et la fraction du Parti républicain libéral qui ne se dirige pas vers le Rassemblement du peuple français), pour former le Centre national des indépendants et paysans (CNIP). Un club politique perdure cependant sous ce nom jusqu’en 1978 où il disparaît définitivement.
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