7 novembre 1872
4 octobre 1948
Germain-Martin, Louis (1872-1948)
Louis Germain-Martin (1872-1948) naît au Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire) le 7 novembre 1872. Il est le fils d'Antoine Martin, un architecte. Son frère Régis Martin-Binachon est industriel à Pont-Salomon et sénateur, et son second frère Louis Martin est médecin et bactériologiste.
Il débute ses études à l'École des Chartes, dont il obtient le diplôme d’archiviste-paléographe en 1897. Il publie dans la foulée de nombreux articles sur l’histoire économique de sa région. Il est également docteur en droit et agrégé de droit (1903). Il entame alors une carrière de professeur à la faculté de droit à l'Université de Dijon, puis à celle de Montpellier et de Paris. En 1919, il est chargé de créer, à l’Université de Strasbourg, un cours d’économie politique. Il enseigne en outre la finance à l’École des Hautes Études Commerciales et à celle des Sciences Politiques.
Membre dès 1914 puis vice-président en 1928 de la très libérale Société d'économie politique, il est co-directeur à partir de la même année du mensuel qui lui est lié, le Journal des économistes. Il est élu par ailleurs membre de l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques en 1927.
En 1928, il se lance en politique. Il se présente sous l’étiquette radical de gauche aux élections législatives dans le canton de Lodève (Hérault). Il y sera réélu en 1932. Battu à sa troisième tentative en 1936, il renonce définitivement à la députation.
Il entre au gouvernement en 1928 comme sous-secrétaire d’État (puis ministre) aux Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones du 13 novembre 1928 au 21 février 1930 dans les gouvernements Raymond Poincaré, Aristide Briand et André Tardieu. Du 2 mars au 13 décembre 1930, il est ministre du Budget dans le gouvernement André Tardieu : il fait voter la loi du 16 avril 1930 qui va déclencher les travaux de rénovation cadastrale. Il est ensuite ministre des finances, successivement dans les gouvernements Théodore Steeg (du 13 décembre 1930 au 27 janvier 1931), Édouard Herriot (du 3 juin au 18 décembre 1932), puis Gaston Doumergue et Pierre-Étienne Flandin (9 février 1934 au 1er juin 1935). C’est lors de ces deux derniers mandats qu’il se fait le promoteur d’une politique déflationniste qui vise l'assainissement financier par la réduction du train de vie de l'État.
En janvier 1937, il prend la présidence du Comité de prévoyance et d'action sociales (CPAS), fondé l'année précédente en réaction au Front populaire et lié à la Confédération générale du patronat français, un organisme de propagande patronal qui combat la Confédération générale du travail et le communisme et défend l'autorité et les missions du patronat, par ses conférences et ses brochures.
Sous l'Occupation, il est membre du Conseil national instauré par Vichy.
Il décède à Paris le 4 octobre 1948.
Louis Germain-Martin a publié de nombreux ouvrages, dont : La grande industrie sous le règne de Louis XIV (plus particulièrement de 1660 à 1715) ; Les Associations ouvrières au XVIIIe siècle, 1700-1792 ; Les Finances publiques de la France et la fortune privée (1914-1925) ou encore De la Civilisation latine à la dictature asiatique. Contribution à l'histoire de l'évolution sociale de la France.
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