Août 1496
1693
Ordonnance du 12 août 1445, donnée à Châlons, sur les fonctions et pouvoirs des trésoriers de France (Gilbert Jacqueton, Documents relatifs à l'administration financière en France de Charles VII à François Ier, Paris, Picard, 1891, p. 35-52).
Édit d’avril 1627 sur les compétences judiciaires des bureaux des finances (X/1a 8651, fol. 43v-48r).
L'office de trésorier de France est créé à la fin du XIIIe s., lorsque le roi retire au Temple la responsabilité de la gestion de son trésor. Officier ordonnateur, le trésorier est assisté d'un comptable, le changeur du trésor. La charge de trésorier est dédoublée par Philippe le Bel. Au milieu du XIVe s., lorsqu'apparaissent les finances extraordinaires, provenant des aides, gabelles et fouages accordés par les États généraux, les trésoriers de France voient leur compétence s’arrêter au domaine ancien. L’ordonnance du 13 avril 1390 créé deux collèges de trésoriers généraux, l’un compétent pour la gestion des recettes et des dépenses domaniales, l’autre sur le fait de la justice. Les deux collèges sont fusionnés par ordonnance du 7 janvier 1400 (a. st. ?).
L'ordonnance de Châlons du 12 août 1445 définit précisément leurs fonctions : ils sont responsables de l'ordonnancement des dépenses sur les recettes du domaine, de la conservation et de l'entretien de celui-ci. Une attention particulière est portée au contrôle des receveurs du domaine et à la limitation de leur nombre. Comme les généraux des aides, ils forment un collège unique, bien que chacun d'eux soit plus particulièrement chargé de l’inspection, de la comptabilité et de l'expédition des actes d'un vaste département géographique, ou « généralité » (au nombre de quatre après la reconquête de la Normandie en 1450). Ils sont amenés à effectuer de nombreuses chevauchées dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. L'article 37 de l'ordonnance du 12 août 1445 stipule qu'en leur absence "en nostredit Trésor", ils devront nommer un ou deux lieutenants pour les représenter "tant pour le fait de leur justice et jurisdiction que pour le fait de nostredit domaine".
C'est ainsi que naît progressivement une justice particulière au contentieux domanial. Dans la généralité d’Outre-Seine-et-Yonne, on nomma cinq conseillers chargés de seconder dans cette tâche les trésoriers de France. Par ordonnance d’août 1496, leur nombre est porté à huit, et ils sont constitués en une Chambre du trésor, compétente pour le contentieux domanial dans le ressort de la prévôté et vicomté de Paris et des bailliages de Senlis, Melun, Brie-Comte-Robert, Étampes, Dourdan, Mantes, Meulan, Beaumont-sur-Oise et Crépy-en-Valois. Un greffier et un procureur général étaient également attachés à la Chambre (ou Cour) du trésor. Elle traitait tout litige portant sur les droits et domaines affermés, les droits féodaux et assimilés (amortissements, francs-fiefs, lods et ventes, ban et arrière-ban...), les revenus casuels (aubaine, bâtardise, mainmorte, successions tombées en déshérence…), etc.
La Chambre du trésor décline sous le règne de François Ier, peut-être victime collatérale des réformes visant à briser la puissance des trésoriers de France et des généraux des finances. En effet, restée très liée aux trésoriers de France, qui présidaient le tribunal, et ne disposant que d’un ressort restreint, la Chambre du trésor n’avait pas réussi à prendre son autonomie comme la Cour des aides, devenue tout à fait indépendante du collège des généraux des finances. Dès l’origine, la justice des trésoriers de France a concurrencé les justices ordinaires, et en particulier celle des bailliages et sénéchaussées. L'édit de Crémieu (1536) consacre d’abord la victoire de ces derniers, qui se voient reconnaître leurs anciennes compétences. En 1543, la Chambre du trésor reçoit pourtant à nouveau la juridiction privative en matière domaniale à Paris et dans les neuf bailliages environnants. En mai 1543, une Chambre du domaine est instituée au Parlement de Paris, pour recevoir les appels des sentences rendues sur le fait du domaine dans toute l'étendue de son ressort. L’édit de 1627 confirme les compétences définies par l’ordonnance de 1543, étend les dispositions relatives à la Chambre du trésor de Paris à tout le royaume, au bénéfice des bureaux des finances, qui ont désormais la connaissance de tout le contentieux domanial, définitivement retiré aux baillis et aux sénéchaux. Après 1627, Paris faisait donc exception en France, puisqu’il y avait deux tribunaux devant lesquels se portaient les causes domaniales, la Cour du trésor, dont le ressort restait inchangé, et le Bureau des finances pour le reste de la généralité de Paris. En 1693, la Chambre du trésor est logiquement réunie au Bureau des finances de Paris, au sein duquel une Chambre du domaine a la connaissance de tout le contentieux domanial de la généralité de Paris.
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