29 avril 1762
23 novembre 1833
Maréchal Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste (1762-1833)
Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste (1762-1833)
Fils d'un chirurgien, Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (1762-1833) s'engage en 1774 comme simple soldat et prend part à la guerre d'indépendance américaine dans le régiment d’Auxerrois. En 1784 il revient à Limoges où il se marie et s'établit comme mercier en 1788.
Jourdan adhère aux idées révolutionnaires et devient capitaine d'une compagnie de chasseurs de la Garde nationale en 1790. En 1791, il est chargé de l'organisation des volontaires de la Haute-Vienne et est élu lieutenant-colonel du 2e bataillon qu'il conduit à l'armée du Nord, commandée par Dumouriez. Sa conduite à Jemmapes (6 novembre 1792) et à Neerwinden (18 mars 1793) lui vaut le grade de général (juillet 1793). Il est ensuite nommé général des armées du Nord et des Ardennes et bat le prince de Cobourg à Wattignies (16 octobre 1793) mais il est destitué par le comité de Salut public en janvier 1794 pour avoir refusé de continuer les opérations en hiver.
Il est rapidement employé de nouveau et obtient le commandement de l'armée de la Moselle en mars 1794. Il traverse avec ses troupes les Ardennes pour rallier l'aile droite de l'armée du Nord ; son armée reçoit alors le titre d'armée de Sambre-et-Meuse. Il remporte la victoire de Fleurus (26 juin 1794), reprend les places de Landrecies, Le Quesnoy, Valenciennes et Condé, fait la conquête de celles de Charleroi, Namur, Juliers et Maestricht, puis occupe Cologne, Coblence et Dusseldorf. Vaincu à plusieurs reprises en 1795 et 1796, notamment à Wurtzbourg le 3 septembre 1796, Jourdan donne sa démission et tombe en disgrâce.
Élu député de la Haute-Vienne au Conseil des Cinq-Cents en mars 1797, il en devient président (septembre 1797-octobre 1798). Il fait voter la loi de 1798 sur la conscription militaire, qui rend le service militaire obligatoire pour les hommes de vingt à vingt-cinq ans.
Nommé en 1798 commandant de l'armée du Danube, Jourdan franchit le Rhin le 1er mars 1799 et entre en Souabe. Battu à Ostrach (21 mars 1799) et à Stockach (25 mars 1799), Jourdan donne sa démission.
Réélu aux Cinq-Cents en 1799, il désapprouve le coup d’État du 18 Brumaire et est exclu du corps législatif. Bonaparte le nomme alors inspecteur général de l'infanterie et de la cavalerie (janvier 1800), puis ambassadeur en République cisalpine, administrateur général du Piémont, conseiller d'État (1802). En janvier 1804, il est appelé au commandement en chef de l'armée d'Italie en remplacement de Joachim Murat. Élevé à la dignité de maréchal d'Empire en 1804, il escorte l'empereur lors de la cérémonie du sacre.
Gouverneur de Lombardie lors du couronnement de Napoléon, comme roi d'Italie en 1805, il est est envoyé à Naples en 1806 en qualité de gouverneur de cette ville, où il se lie d'amitié avec le roi Joseph. En 1808, il passe en Espagne en qualité de major général sous le roi Joseph qu'il suit constamment à titre de conseiller militaire. En octobre 1809, Jourdan se retire dans sa terre du Coudray (Essonne), qu'il a achetée en 1799. L'empereur Napoléon Ier le rappelle en 1811 et le renvoie en Espagne. Wellington le bat à Vittoria (21 juin 1813).
Rentré en France, Jourdan reste sans activité jusqu'au retour des Bourbons, auxquels il se rallie. Pendant les Cent-Jours, Napoléon l'envoie à Besançon en qualité de gouverneur de cette place. Sous la seconde Restauration, il se rallie à nouveau à la monarchie. Il préside le conseil de guerre qui doit juger le maréchal Ney. En 1819 le roi l'appelle à la Chambre des pairs après l'avoir créé comte (majorat non constitué).
Après la Révolution de Juillet, Jourdan est brièvement ministre des Affaires Étrangères dans le gouvernement provisoire formé le 1er août 1830. Le 11 août 1830, il échange son portefeuille contre la place de gouverneur des Invalides.
Jourdan a publié des Mémoires militaires de la guerre d’Espagne ( Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la campagne de 1796). Il est inhumé aux Invalides.
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