1876
1966
En 1934, la direction de la Sûreté générale devient direction de la Sûreté nationale. Entre 1941 et 1944, la direction de la Sûreté disparaît au profit d'un Secrétariat général à la Police
Direction de la Sûreté nationale
Direction de la Sûreté générale
Direction de la Sûreté
France. Ministère de l'Intérieur. Direction de la Sûreté nationale (1876-1966)
Par décret du 9 février 1876, la direction de la Sûreté générale, dont le préfet de police était chargé par délégation, repasse sous l'autorité immédiate du ministre de l'Intérieur.
Arrêté du 13 juin 1879 relatif à la répartition des attributions de la direction de la Sûreté générale.
Arrêté du 5 juillet 1882 relatif aux attributions des services ressortissant à la direction de la Sûreté générale.
Décrêt du 28 avril 1934 relatif à l'administration centrale du ministère de l'Intérieur et de la Sûreté générale.
Loi du 23 avril 1941 portant organisation générale des services de police en France.
Ordonnance du 16 novembre 1944 rétablissant la direction générale de la Sûreté nationale.
La loi du 9 juillet 1966 institue la direction générale de la police nationale, qui rassemble les personnels de la Sûreté nationale et de la préfecture de police de Paris.
La direction de la Sûreté est la lointaine héritière du ministère de la police générale, créé dès 1796 et dont l’exercice est étroitement lié à la personne de Joseph Fouché qui occupa la fonction de 1799 à 1802 puis de 1804 à 1810. Sous Fouché, les bureaux du ministère de la Police sont répartis en dix divisions dont l’une, la plus importante, est la division de la Sûreté générale et de la police secrète.
Le ministère de la Police est supprimé en 1818. A partir de cette date, la Police relève tantôt d’une direction tantôt d’une simple division au sein du ministère de l’Intérieur. En janvier 1852, un ministère de la Police est recréé pour être abandonné dès juin de l’année suivante. La réforme principale intervient en 1859 date à laquelle l’éphémère direction de la Sûreté générale (1853-1858) est supprimée et ses attributions confiées au Préfet de Police de Paris. Ce n’est qu’en 1876 que la Sûreté générale redevient une direction, cette fois pérenne, du ministère de l’Intérieur.
Quel que soit son rattachement, l’autorité chargée de la police au niveau national n’a longtemps disposé que de moyens humains et matériels très réduits surtout si on les compare à ceux des autres institutions responsables du maintien de l'ordre et de la police, la Préfecture de Police, la Gendarmerie et les polices municipales. La direction de la Sûreté demeure d'abord « un état-major sans troupes ». Cette absence de moyens n’empêche pas la Sûreté de se voir confier des missions dont le contenu évolue fortement tout au long du XIXème siècle. Elles restent néanmoins organisées autour de pôles communs : la répression des crimes et délits, la surveillance politique mais aussi des mœurs et de toutes les activités jugées dangereuses pour « l’ordre public », et enfin l’application de la réglementation dans le cadre des activités de « police administrative », en particulier, de la surveillance des étrangers et du respect des règles de leur circulation et séjour en France (passeports, titres de séjour, expulsion…).
En 1907, Georges Clemenceau, président du Conseil et ministre de l’Intérieur décide de renforcer et de moderniser l’organisation de la Sûreté générale. Cette réforme, dont les mesures principales sont la création des brigades régionales de police mobile (ancêtre de la police judiciaire) et la mise en place d’un Fichier central chargé de regrouper les données nominatives recueillies par la police, jette les bases de l’organisation moderne de la Sûreté.
En 1934, l’affaire Stavisky met à nouveau en lumière les carences des services de police. Suite à un rapport parlementaire, des décrets-lois revoient l'organisation de la Sûreté « générale » rebaptisée à cette occasion Sûreté « nationale ». En 1937 et 1938, les moyens de la direction de la Sûreté sont encore renforcés. Aux côtés des contrôles généraux des services de police administrative, qui prend alors le nom de Renseignements généraux, et des services de police judiciaire, est créée un troisième service actif de police : le contrôle général de la surveillance du territoire (ancêtre de la direction de la surveillance du territoire).
En 1941, le renforcement de l’organisation policière sous le régime de l'Etat français se traduit par l’étatisation de toutes les polices, à l’exception de la Préfecture de Police de Paris, et la création d’un Secrétariat général à la Police organisé en trois directions : direction de la Police judiciaire, direction des Renseignements généraux et direction de la Sécurité publique (à laquelle sont rattachés les corps urbains et les groupes mobiles de réserve).
A la Libération, la Sûreté retrouve une organisation proche de celle de 1938. Elle sera très largement maintenue jusqu’en 1966, date à laquelle la Préfecture de Police de Paris entre définitivement dans le giron de la Sûreté nationale qui prend alors le nom de direction générale de la Police nationale (DGPN).
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