14 octobre 1904
5 avril 1995
Fils d’un colonel, Christian Pineau (1904-1995) effectue ses études secondaires à l’École Alsacienne, puis ses études supérieures à la Faculté de Droit de Paris ainsi qu’à l’École libre des sciences politiques. Il en sort diplômé en 1924. En 1926, il réussit le concours de la Banque de France, où il est reçu premier. De 1931 à 1938, il continue sa carrière à la Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas. Pendant cette période, il milite activement au syndicat des employés de banque de la C.G.T., dont il devient secrétaire fédéral à partir de 1936. Il fonde et dirige la revue Banque et Bourse en 1937. Il entre au Conseil économique de la C.G.T. en 1938.
Mobilisé en 1939, il entre au cabinet du Commissaire de l'Information, Jean Giraudoux (qui est son beau-père depuis le remariage de sa mère), puis, après sa démobilisation en 1940, il entre comme chef de bureau au ministère du ravitaillement. Hostile à l'armistice, il prend la voie de la résistance et diffuse un bulletin clandestin, Libération, dont il assure à peu près seul la rédaction jusqu'en mars 1942. Il est à l'origine du mouvement Libération-Nord, dès octobre 1940. Il gagne Londres en mars 1942 pour établir des contacts entre la France Libre et la résistance intérieure. Lors de son second voyage, en janvier 1943, il repart avec des missions élargies de renseignement (réseau Phalanx) et a pour charge l'étude des possibilités de ravitaillement du territoire à la Libération. Ses pseudonymes de résistant sont les suivants : Berval, Grimaux (Jacques), Francis ; son nom de Force Française Libre est Garnier, et en dernier lieu François Berteval.
Il est arrêté par la Gestapo le 3 mai 1943. D'abord enfermé au fort de Montluc, à Lyon, il y croise Jean Moulin. Il est ensuite déporté à Buchenwald du 16 décembre 1943 au 11 avril 1945. Il est rapatrié en France le 22 avril 1945.
Trois semaines après son retour de déportation, il entre au gouvernement provisoire dirigé par Charles de Gaulle, au poste de ministre du ravitaillement (du 30 mai au 21 novembre 1945). Il est président de la commission des Finances de 1945 à 1947. Il rédige de nombreux rapports à caractère budgétaire et financier, et propose un projet de loi relatif à la nationalisation de la Banque de France et des grandes banques.
Il est ministre des Travaux publics dans les cabinets Schuman (du 24 novembre 1947 au 26 juillet 1948), puis André Marie (du 26 juillet 1948 au 5 septembre 1948). Il devient ministre des Finances du second cabinet Schuman (5-11 septembre 1948) ; puis, à nouveau ministre des Travaux publics, des Transports et du Tourisme sous les cabinets Henri Queuille (du 11 septembre 1948 au 28 octobre 1949) et Bidault (du 29 octobre 1949 au 7 février 1950). Il est ministre des Affaires Étrangères des cabinets Guy Mollet (du 1 er février 1956 au 13 juin 1957), et successivement, Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury ( du 13 juin 1956 au 6 novembre 1957), et Félix Gaillard (du 6 novembre 1957 au 14 mai 1958).
Il a un rôle particulièrement actif lors de la crise de Suez en 1956, ainsi que pour le règlement des cessions des établissements français en Inde (1956). En Europe, il tient une part importante dans la ratification des traités de Rome, instituant la C.E.E. et la Communauté européenne de l'énergie atomique (C.E.E.A.). Il participe au lancement de la C.E.E.A. (Euratom).
Opposé au retour au pouvoir de de Gaulle en mai 1958, il subit, malgré sa réelection constante au poste de conseiller général jusqu'en 1979, plusieurs échecs électoraux. En 1971, il démissionne de son poste de secrétaire de la fédération socialiste de la Sarthe et prend de plus en plus de distances avec la vie politique.
Parallèlement, dès les années 1960, il consacre cependant une grande partie de son activité à l'écriture, notamment avec deux romans fortement autobiographiques, Mon cher député (1959) et L'escalier des ombres (1963), le dernier consacré à la période de l'Occupation. Il rédige aussi des récits de souvenirs. Il publie aussi régulièrement, pendant une vingtaine d'années, des contes pour enfants aux éditions Hachette. À partir de 1972, sa grande cause est, aux côtés de la Mutualité sociale agricole, le maintien des personnes âgées à domicile ; il œuvre notamment à l'expérimentation de l'hospitalisation à domicile dans son canton du Grand-Lucé.
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