13 août 1905
1er novembre 2001
Née à Fribourg (Suisse), Mariel Brunhes (1905-2011) est sensibilisée dès son plus jeune âge à la géographie humaine par son père le géographe Jean Brunhes (1869-1930). À dix-huit ans, Mariel accole d’ailleurs à son patronyme le prénom de son père et l’épaule dans ses travaux. Celui-ci l’encourage dans son goût pour les voyages, qui relèvent bien plus du travail que du loisir. En 1926, elle voyage en Crète sur un bateau aux côtés de l'archéologue Marthe Oulié (1901-1941). En 1928, Mariel suit son père au long d’un grand voyage qu’il accomplit au Canada, d’est en ouest, et apprend à ses côtés l’art de la photographie et du cinéma. Pendant de nombreuses années, elle s’attache à remettre régulièrement à jour l’œuvre paternelle, La géographie humaine dont elle publie une édition abrégée. Secrétaire générale de la Revue de Géographie humaine et d’ethnologie, elle conduit avec Pierre Deffontaines la tâche monumentale de L’Atlas aérien de la France, publié en 5 volumes de 1955 à 1964 et contenant 1450 photographies aériennes commentées. Elle co-dirige aussi deux œuvres importantes : Géographie générale (1966) et Géographie régionale (1975), publiées dans la collection de la Pléiade.
A la suite de l’ouvrage L’homme et la charrue à travers le monde rédigé avec André-Georges Haudricourt (1955), Mariel Jean-Brunhes passant de la géographie humaine à l'ethnologie, s'intéresse à l’outillage agricole et à l’importance des outils dans la formation des terroirs et des paysages.
Le musée national des Arts et Traditions populaires (ATP), installé alors dans les sous-sols du palais de Chaillot, l’accueille en 1958 comme chargée de mission des musées nationaux et lui confie la réalisation de plusieurs collectes sur le terrain aux côtés de Georges-Henri Rivière (1897-1985). Parallèlement, elle publie et collabore à de nombreuses ouvrages sur les outils agricoles. Mariel met en place un réseau de correspondants locaux sur l’outillage agricole pré-machiniste ; la fin des années 1950 et le début des années 1960 la voient sillonner la France pour ses enquêtes sur le terrain et la collecte d'outillage. Au cours des années 1960, Mariel participe très activement à l’élaboration des programmes muséaux du nouveau Musée des Arts et Traditions Populaires (MNATP). « Chef d’orchestre », selon l’expression de Georges Henri Rivière, le musée lui est redevable de la 18e exposition, « Bergers de France » (juillet-novembre 1962), qui servira à la préfiguration d’une partie des futures galeries. Mariel est promue chargée de recherches en 1966, en même temps que, sous le nom de Centre d’ethnologie française, le laboratoire de recherches s’associe au Musée, en tant que formation CNRS. Au sein du Musée, Mariel travaille sans relâche à un inventaire des instruments agricoles anciens en France, ce qui ne l'empêche pas de satisfaire son inlassable curiosité en parcourant le monde (Tibet, Chine...).
Parallèlement à ces activités professionnelles, Mariel, qui a épousé le sculpteur Raymond Delamarre (1890-1986), s’engage tout au long de sa vie dans des activités militantes et sociales. Avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, elle est secrétaire de l’Union nationale pour le vote des femmes, présidée par la duchesse de La Rochefoucauld ; pendant la guerre, en 1941, elle dirige avec son époux le Secours national à Châteauroux. Elle est de toutes les luttes, contre la guerre du Vietnam, contre la guerre d’Algérie, contre l’occupation militaire du Larzac. Elle est vice-présidente du mouvement « Fraternité chrétienne avec le Vietnam, le Cambodge et le Laos ».
Elle s'éteint le 1er novembre 2001 à l'âge de 96 ans.
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