1449
1834-01-26
La Sala de Vizcaya de la Real Audiencia y Chancillería de Valladolid era el tribunal que juzgaba todos los asuntos de los naturales del Señorío de Vizcaya Dicha sala era privativa de la Chancillería de Valladolid.
El Señorío de Vizcaya junto con la Tierra Llana, Villas, Ciudades, Encartaciones y Duranguesado, era considerado como un solar único de nobleza, del que sus naturales primitivos y todos sus originarios eran nobles hijosdalgo de sangre, con todos los derechos que les concedía el derecho castellano y con los especiales que les daban sus propios fueros. Así, según el fuero de Vizcaya (Título I, Ley XVI), todos los naturales del Señorío eran notorios fijosdalgo dentro y fuera del Señorío.
Probablemente desde tiempos de Juan I existió la Sala de Vizcaya dentro de la Real Chancillería, pero es con las ordenanzas de la Real Chancillería de Valladolid de Córdoba (1485), Piedrahita (1486) y de Medina del Campo (1489) cuando queda prefigurada la sala. En los artículos 22 y 23 de las ordenanzas de Córdoba se trata y fijan las líneas generales de la organización y funcionamiento de la sala. Dichas disposiciones se vuelven a repetir en los artículos 27 y 28 de las ordenanzas de Piedrahita y en los artículos 29 y 30 de las ordenanzas de Medina del Campo.
A diferencia de las otras salas de la Chancillería, formadas por varios oidores y alcaldes, la Sala de Vizcaya era unipersonal al estar formada solamente por el Juez Mayor de Vizcaya como órgano judicial y de nombramiento real, siendo frecuente el nombramiento de jueces mayores interinos en espera del nombramiento o llegada del juez titular. Dichos jueces interinos se nombraban normalmente entre los abogados de la Chancillería. Su salario procedía de una cantidad anual asignada por el rey más una parte de los ingresos de la Chancillería provenientes de las penas de cámara.
Dentro del cursus honorum de la Chancillería, se aprecia que el cargo de Juez Mayor de Vizcaya solía servir de trampolín para sus titulares para alcanzar cargos superiores como el de oidor de las salas de lo Civil o alcaldes de las salas del Crimen.
La sala estaba formada además por dos escribanías y un relator, aunque el resto de oficiales de la Chancillería participaban también en el funcionamiento y asuntos de aquella, como el repartidor y tasador de pleitos, fiscal, procuradores y agentes, archivero y registrador. Hacía audiencia todos los jueves en presencia del presidente de la Chancillería, y en caso de que estuviera ausente, del oidor más antiguo.
Los asuntos tratados por la Sala de Vizcaya eran los derivados de la jurisdicción civil, criminal y de hidalguía de los naturales de Vizcaya en segunda o tercera instancia si eran juzgados por justicias del territorio vasco, o bien en primera instancia si residían fuera del territorio vasco. Además de los pleitos se trataban otros asuntos, como los expedientes para el reconocimiento de vizcainía solicitada por una parte para que le fueran reconocidos los derechos y privilegios que llevaba aparejados; y las declinatorias de jurisdicción, por las que las partes aducían ser vizcaínas de origen y reclamaban que los procesos abiertos contra ellas por las justicias ordinarias derivasen a la Sala de Vizcaya de la Chancillería de Valladolid.
Los pleitos llegados a la Sala de Vizcaya eran repartidos a sus escribanos por el repartidor de pleitos, que los canalizaba a través de una serie de partidos. Por medio de un auto del Acuerdo de 1622 se fijaron siete partidos para los pleitos de Vizcaya.
1º. Pleitos sobre términos y jurisdicciones, y sobre bienes de mayorazgos de valor de a partir de tres mil ducados. De igual manera los pleitos ejecutivos de tres mil ducados o más.
2º. Pleitos de dos mil a tres mil ducados.
3º. Pleitos de quinientos a dos mil ducados, y pleitos sobre caserías.
4º. Pleitos hasta quinientos ducados.
5º. Pleitos en apelación sobre muertes, moneda falsa o de jueces pesquisidores nombrados por el Consejo.
6º. El resto de pleitos criminales de cualquier calidad y condición.
7º. Pleitos de pobres.
La Sala de Vizcaya se estructuraba en dos escribanías. El nombre por el que se conoce cada una de las escribanías es por el apellido del último escribano que la desempeñó hasta que desapareció el tribunal, ya entrado el siglo XIX. Así, a las dos escribanías de Vizcaya se las denomina Docio y Pino. Para poder optar a ser escribano de Vizcaya, la edad mínima que se debía tener era de 25 años y ser de condición hidalga.
De forma rotatoria se constituían en escribanos semaneros de la sala, desempeñando funciones administrativas y de canalización de documentos a la escribanía correspondiente
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