1371
1834-01-06
España. Chancillería de Valladolid
Sus principales atribuciones fueron:
Como tribunal de primera instancia: conocimiento de los casos surgidos en el rastro de la Chancillería (área jurisdiccional de cinco leguas al rededor de la sede del tribunal) y de los denominados ""casos de corte"" (aquellos cuyo conocimiento se avocaba el rey por diversos motivos, fundamentalmente privilegio o inferioridad manifiesta de alguna de las partes).
Como tribunal de apelación: conocimiento de las apelaciones de las sentencias pronunciadas por las distintos jueces y tribunales del reino, tanto los pertenecientes a la jurisdicción real (alcaldes ordinarios, alcaldes mayores, corregidores, merinos, adelantados, audiencias de Galicia y Asturias) como los pertenecientes alas jurisdicciones especiales (jurisdicción eclesiástica, mercantil y señorial).
La Real Chancillería contó con los siguientes órganos:
Presidente. Máxima autoridad de la Chancillería y representante de la misma ante el resto de las instituciones.
Acuerdo. Órgano gubernativo de la Chancillería, formado por el presidente y los oidores.
Gobierno de la Sala del Crimen. Órgano gubernativo integrado por los alcaldes del crimen, con funciones análogas a las del Acuerdo pero específicas para los asuntos criminales.
Salas de lo Civil. Cuatro salas, con cuatro oidores cada una, para el conocimiento de los asuntos civiles tanto en primera instancia (Casos de Corte) como en apelación de las sentencias pronunciadas por diversas justicias del reino.
Salas de lo Criminal. Dos salas a cargo de los Alcaldes del Crimen, que conocen asimismo de los casos de corte, de las apelaciones de las causas criminales y además de las causas civiles surgidas en el rastro de la Chancillería.
Sala de HIjosdalgo. Integrada por los Alcaldes de HIjosdalgo y los Notarios del Reino, en ella se ven los pleitos de hidalguía, además de otros asuntos, como los pleitos de alcabalas.
Sala de Vizcaya. Sala constituida por el Juez Mayor de Vizcaya, con jurisdicción privativa -en aplicación del Fuero de Vizcaya-para los vizcaínos originarios, tanto para pleitos civiles como criminales y de hijosdalgo.
Archivo y Registro. Presidido por el Archivero y Registrador de la Chancillería, era el organismo responsable tanto del registro (provisiones, exhortos y ejecutorias) como del control de los pleitos que iban entregando los escribanos una vez concluida su tramitación.
Las Ordenanzas de Medina del Campo dispusieron que dentro de la Audiencia se estableciera una cámara con dos armarios distintos: uno para los pleitos fenecidos y otro para los privilegios, pragmáticas y otras escrituras tocantes a los derechos de la Chancillería. Ello dio origen a la aparición de dos archivos distintos, que se han mantenido hasta nuestros días:
- El archivo del Real Acuerdo, que bajo la custodia directa del Presidente recogía la documentación de carácter burocrático y normativo producida y recibida por la institución como órgano corporativo.
- El archivo de pleitos, en el que, a cargo del Archivero y Registrador de la Chancillería, se custodiaban tanto la documentación del registro como los pleitos que los escribanos de cámara iban remitiendo al archivo una vez concluida su tramitación.
- A estos dos archivos se une en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII el Archivo de la Sala de Gobierno del Crimen, que custodia la documentación de carácter interno producida por el órgano gubernativo que le da nombre.
El tratamiento archivístico que estos tres fondos recibieron durante el período de vida de la Chancillería fue muy desigual, oscilando desde la ausencia de instrumentos de descripción para el fondo del Acuerdo, hasta la existencia de instrumentos de descripción exhaustivos para el archivo de pleitos.
Tras la supresión de la Chancillería en 1834 el archivo pasó a depender del Ministerio de Gracia y Justicia, hasta que en 1906, por Ley de 1º de enero de 1904, su custodia fue encomendada al Cuerpo Facultrativo de Archiveros, entonces adscrito al Minsterio de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes. La organización actual responde al principio de procedencia, salvo en lo referente a las colecciones facticias -pergaminos, protocolos y padrones y planos y dibujos- creadas por motivos de conservación.
La Real Chancillería de Valladolid funcionó durante buena parte de la Edad Media y durante toda la Edad Moderna como el más alto tribunal de justicia de la Corona de Castilla para los territorios situados al norte del río Tajo, si exceptuamos las competencias que en materia de justicia tenía encomendadas la Sala de Justicia del Consejo de Castilla (Sala de las Mil y Quinientas). Los orígenes remotos de la Audiencia se sitúan en la obra legislativa de Alfonso X, prólogo de un largo proceso institucionalizador que se prolongó a lo largo de la Baja Edad Media y cuyos principales hitos fueron la política reformista introducida por la dinastía Trastámara y el reinado de los Reyes Católicos. La creación y la primera regulación legal de la Audiencia se deben a Enrique II (Cortes de Toro, 1371), que establece un tribunal de instancia y órgano judicial supremo, si bien sus competencias no quedan todavía claramente definidas. Durante el reinado de su sucesor Juan I se procede a la delimitación de las competencias judiciales entre la Audiencia y el recién creado Consejo Real (cortes de Briviesca de 1387 y de Segovia de 1390) quedando configurada la Audiencia como máxima instancia judicial salvo en los casos en que proceda el denominado "Recurso de Segunda Suplicación" ante el Consejo, para cuya interposición se exigía que el pleito se hubiera iniciado ante los oidores de la Audiencia, que fuera "muy grande" y que el recurrente hubiera entregado una fianza de mil quinientas doblas. Los reinados siguientes (Enrique III, Juan II) no introdujeron novedades sustanciales, salvo la progresiva sedentarización de la Audiencia en Valladolid, y el inicio de la cohabitación entre la Cancillería y la Audiencia, que traerá como resultado la identificación entre ambas instituciones y el nombre con el que se conocerá al tribunal en el futuro: "Real Audiencia y Chancillería". Durante el reinado de los Reyes Católicos culmina el proceso institucionalizador, quedando definitivamente configurada la planta y atribuciones del tribunal mediante diversos textos legales (Ordenamiento de Toledo de 1480 y sobre todo Ordenanzas de la Chancillería de Medina del Campo de 1489). Dicha planta y atribuciones se mantendrán en lo sustancial a lo largo de toda la Edad Moderna, siendo la principal novedad de este período el reajuste del inmenso área jurisdiccional del tribunal con la creación en Ciudad Real de una nueva Audiencia con competencia para todos los territorios situados al sur del río Tajo (1494), Audiencia que se establecerá definitivamente en Granada a partir del año 1505. Tras el paréntesis de la Constitución de 1812, la supresión definitiva de la Real Chancillería es fruto de la gran reforma de la Administración Central subsiguiente a la muerte de Fernando VII y al establecimiento definitivo de Liberalismo. La separación de poderes y la racionalización de las instituciones que preconiza esta doctrina política se traduce en el campo de la administración de Justicia en la creación de nuevos tribunales a los que compete en exclusiva la función judicial (Tribunales supremos de España e Indias, de Guerra y Marina y de Hacienda) y en la supresión definitiva de las Chancillerías de Valladolid y Granada mediante decreto de 26 de enero de 1834, por el que se crean las Reales Audiencias (posteriormente Audiencias Territoriales). Las competencias de la Real Chancillería de Valladolid serán heredadas por la Audiencia Territorial de Valladolid, con jurisdicción en las provincias de Valladolid, Palencia, León, Zamora, Salamanca.
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