Popular Religiosity in Spanish Archives: The Case of Andalusia

28-05-2024

by Francisco Javier Crespo Muñoz, Simancas University Institute of History

Francisco is an archivist and researcher working on a project on the digitalisation of archival heritage related to popular religiosity in Andalusia. In this blog post, he explains and summarises this interesting project.

Original Spanish version below.

"Popular religiosity" is defined as the popularized devotion towards the transcendent; it is capable of constructing deep social identities and materializes in pious works and group charity, as well as in devotional rites and manifestations.

In Spain, the region of Andalusia is very rich in identity phenomena of popular religiosity.

Documentation can capture devotional expressions in unexpected contexts, such as the lawsuits of the Duchy of Arcos, in the Historical Archive of the Nobility, where litigants relied on their beliefs to face judicial challenges.

Engraving of Our Lady of Sorrows of Granada in the lawsuit for the possession of the Duchy of Arcos and the County of Bailén (1762). Historical Archive of the Nobility, OSUNA,C.1602,D.1-10


The Andalusian nobility, throughout the Ancien Régime, sponsored or interacted with pious realities and brotherhoods in their surroundings; for example, the Marquises of Algarinejo, who dealt with brotherhoods in Loja (Granada), such as the Brotherhood of San Pedro (1716), or with artists who carved devotional images, such as Torcuato Ruiz del Peral (1767).

The Castilian Government institutions, within the Spanish Monarchy, present in the General Archive of Simancas, monitored the development and work of the Andalusian brotherhoods; thus, the brothers of the Charity of Córdoba were authorized to rescue Christian captives (1478).

From a financial perspective, the Simancas section of the Contaduría de Mercedes, which controlled the juros, preserves fiscal privileges like that of the Brotherhood of the Holy Vera Cruz, in Seville, during the reign of Philip III.

In the Bourbon period of Simancas, the Dirección General del Tesoro and Gracia y Justicia bear witness to the expropriating action. In the first case, there are records from the Contaduría General de Valores concerning assets linked to brotherhoods, memories, or pious works, including those in Andalusia, during the reign of Charles IV; in the second, there are records of exclaustration and confiscation of assets from convents suppressed by Joseph I Bonaparte, affecting Andalusian devotions.

The National Historical Archive houses the documents seized by the State from religious institutions, under the disentailment laws of the 19th century; in these collections, there is information on popular piety and the corporations of Andalusian convents and monasteries.

On the other hand, among the documentation of the Council of Castile in the National Historical Archive (such as the Escribanía de Granados), and the Council and Supreme Court of Spain and the Indies, the control of the regulation and operation of Andalusian brotherhoods is reflected; this is the case of the approval of the rules of the Brotherhood of the Conception of the Franciscans of Puerto de Santa María or the election of positions in the Brotherhood of the Slavery of the Blessed Sacr ament and the Souls of Cádiz .

File of approval of the ordinances of the Brotherhood of Christ of the Expiration of Carmona (Seville) (1815). National Historical Archive, CONSEJOS,L.1404,Exp.77

Finally, in the so-called “Contemporary Funds”, the Civil and Ecclesiastical Exceptions Office (Ministry of Finance), responsible for clarifying the claim of assets exempted from disentailment, received demands from Andalusian corporations; this is the case of the indemnification to the Brotherhood of Our Lady of Sorrows of Lopera (Jaén) (1916).

The General Archive of the Administration possesses the most contemporary documentation of the State Archives. As a source for Andalusian popular religiosity, it preserves documents from the Ministry of Finance, between the late 19th century and the early 20th century. In any case, the collections produced by the ministries of the Franco regime stand out; for example, the Ministry of Housing, with the National Board for the Reconstruction of Parish Temples, whose subsidies affected brotherhoods in Malaga: the Sacramental of the Holy Christ of Expiration and Our Lady of Sorrows (1965-1966) or the Railway Brotherhood (1970). Of great interest is the photographic propaganda of the Ministry of Information and Tourism, which tried to promote Holy Week with photographs of processions, such as those in Malaga.

Photographs of Holy Week processions in Malaga. General Archive of the Administration, 33,F,00216,11,018 and 33,F,00216,07,009

These brief documentary references related to popular religiosity in Andalusia are complemented by archival information from the region. The Archive of the Royal Chancery of Granada and the various provincial historical archives (consultable through @rchivAWeb @rchivAWeb), as well as diocesan or municipal archives, preserve more documentation on popular devotions in expropriated religious establishments, on the vicissitudes of brotherhoods, or on the actions of municipal authorities regarding local piety manifestations.

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La religiosidad popular en los archivos españoles: el caso de Andalucía

La “religiosidad popular” se define como la devoción popularizada hacia lo trascendente; es capaz de construir identidades sociales profundas y se materializa en obras pías y de caridad grupal, y en ritos y manifestaciones devocionales.

En España, la región de Andalucía es muy rica en fenómenos identitarios de religiosidad popular.

La documentación puede recoger expresiones devocionales en ámbitos extraños, como los pleitos del Ducado de Arcos, en el Archivo Histórico de la Nobleza, donde los litigantes se acogían a sus creencias para afrontar los sinsabores judiciales.

Grabado de Nuestra Señora de las Angustias de Granada en el pleito por la posesión del ducado de Arcos y el condado de Bailén (1762). Archivo Histórico de la Nobleza, OSUNA,C.1602,D.1-10


La nobleza andaluza, a lo largo del Antiguo Régimen, patrocinó o interactuó con realidades piadosas y cofrades de su entorno; por ejemplo, los marqueses de Algarinejo, que trataron con hermandades de Loja (Granada), como la de San Pedro (1716), o con artistas que tallaron las imágenes de devoción, como Torcuato Ruiz del Peral (1767).

Las instituciones castellanas de Gobierno, dentro de Monarquía Hispánica, presentes documentalmente en el Archivo General de Simancas, vigilaban el desarrollo y labor de las cofradías andaluzas; así, los cofrades de la Caridad de Córdoba fueron habilitados para rescatar cautivos cristianos (1478).

Desde un punto de vista hacendístico, la sección simanquina de Contaduría de Mercedes, que controlaba los juros, conserva privilegios fiscales como el de la cofradía de la Santa Vera Cruz, en Sevilla, durante el reinado de Felipe III.

En el período borbónica de Simancas, la Dirección General del Tesoro y Gracia y Justicia testimonian la acción desamortizadora. En el primer caso, se encuentran los asientos de la Contaduría General de Valores referentes a bienes vinculados a cofradías, memorias u obras pías, incluidas las andaluzas, en el reinado de Carlos IV; en el segundo, hay expedientes de exclaustración e incautación de bienes de conventos suprimidos por José I Bonaparte, afectando a devociones andaluzas.

El Archivo Histórico Nacional acoge los documentos incautados por el Estado a las instituciones religiosas, en virtud de las leyes desamortizadoras del siglo XIX; en estos fondos, se encuentran noticias sobre la piedad popular y las corporaciones de conventos y monasterios andaluces.

Por otro lado, entre la documentación del Consejo de Castilla del Archivo Histórico Nacional (como la Escribanía de Granados), y del Consejo y Tribunal Supremo de España e Indias, se refleja el control de la regulación y funcionamiento de las hermandades andaluzas; es el caso de la aprobación de las reglas de la Cofradía de la Concepción de los franciscanos del Puerto de Santa María o la elección de cargos de la Cofradía de la Esclavitud del Santísimo y de las Ánimas de Cádiz.

Expediente de aprobación de ordenanzas de la Cofradía del Cristo de la Expiración de Carmona (Sevilla) (1815). Archivo Histórico Nacional, CONSEJOS,L.1404,Exp.77

Finalmente, en los llamados “Fondos Contemporáneos”, el Negociado de Excepciones Civiles y Eclesiásticas (Ministerio de Hacienda), encargado de dilucidar la reclamación de bienes exceptuados de desamortización, recibió demandas de corporaciones andaluzas; es el caso de la indemnización a la Cofradía de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de Lopera (Jaén) (1916).

El Archivo General de la Administración posee la documentación más contemporánea de los Archivos Estatales. Como fuente para la religiosidad popular andaluza, conserva documentos del Ministerio de Hacienda, entre finales del siglo XIX y comienzos del siglo XX. En todo caso, destacan los fondos producidos por los ministerios del Franquismo; por ejemplo, el Ministerio de la Vivienda, con la Junta Nacional de Reconstrucción de Templos Parroquiales, cuyas subvenciones afectaron a cofradías malagueñas: la Sacramental del Santísimo Cristo de la Expiración y María Santísima de los Dolores (1965-1966) o la Ferroviaria (1970). De gran interés es la propaganda fotográfica del Ministerio de Información y Turismo, que trató de promocionar la Semana Santa con fotografías de procesiones, como las de Málaga.

Fotografías de procesiones de Semana Santa de Málaga. Archivo General de la Administración, 33,F,00216,11,018 y 33,F,00216,07,009

Estas breves referencias documentales relativas a la religiosidad popular en Andalucía se completan con información archivística de la región. El Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Granada y los distintos archivos históricos provinciales (consultables a través de @rchivAWeb @rchivAWeb), así como los archivos diocesanos o municipales, conservan más documentación sobre devociones populares en establecimientos religiosos desamortizados, sobre las vicisitudes de las cofradías o sobre la actuación de las autoridades municipales respecto a las manifestaciones de piedad locales.


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