19 décembre 1778
19 octobre 1851
Bourbon, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte de
Angoulême, duchesse d'
France, Marie-Thérèse de
Angoulême, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte de France (1778-1851 ; duchesse d')
Premier enfant du roi Louis XVI et de la reine Marie-Antoinette après huit ans de mariage, Marie-Thérèse nait à Versailles le 19 décembre 1788. Celle que l'on appelle Madame Royale, occupe, avec ses autres frères et soeur qui naitront par la suite, un apppartement dans l'aile du Midi ou aile des Princes du château de Versailles. Son éducation est supervisée par la gouvernante des Enfants de France, Victoire-Armande-Josèphe de Rohan-Soubise, princesse de Guéméné, nièce de la comtesse de Marsan, qui est remplacée en octobre 1782 par Yolande-Gabrielle de Polastron, duchesse de Polignac. Elle est assistée de plusieurs sous-gouvernantes : Marie-Angélique de Fitte de Soucy, baronne de Mackau, Marie-Henriette d'Aumale, vicomtesse d'Aumale, Renée-Suzanne de Mackau, marquise de Soucy. La première femme de chambre de Madame Royale est Antoinette Chapuis de Montlouis, qui devient Mme Brunier par son mariage avec le médecin des Enfants de France. Marie-Antoinette surveille de près l'éducation de sa fille, qu'elle surnomme Mousseline et lui donne une compagne de jeu, Melle Lambriquet, fille d'une femme de chambre. Quand la duchesse de Polignac émigre dès le 14 juillet 1789, elle est rempacée par Louise Élisabeth de Croÿ d'Havré, marquise de Tourzel.
Témoin de l'invasion de Versailles par les femmes de Paris le matin du 6 octobre 1789, Madame Royale est ramenée avec sa famille au château des Tuileries, où elle occupe un appartement au premier étage, proche de la chambre de Louis XVI. Elle fait partie les 21-25 juin 1791, avec ses parents, son frère le dauphin, sa tante Madame Élisabeth, et sa femme de chambre Mme Brunier, du « voyage à Montmédy «, qui se solde par l'arrestation de la famille royale à Varennes et son retour humiliant aux Tuileries.
Témoin également de l'invasion des Tuileries le 20 juin 1792, par le peuple de Paris qui force son père Louis XVI à porter un bonnet rouge, et de la prise du château le 10 août 1792, elle est enfermée à partir du 13 août, avec sa famille, à la prison du Temple, où elle restera trois ans. Elle occupe, avec sa mère et sa tante Madame Élisabeth, le troisième étage de la grosse tour du Temple. Son père Louis XVI et son frère sont à l'étage inférieur. Séparée de son père, Louis XVI, qui est guillotiné le 21 janvier 1793, puis de sa mère Marie-Antoinette, qui est transférée à la Conciergerie le 2 août 1793 et guillotinée le 16 octobre, elle reste quelques mois avec sa tante.
Le 10 mai 1794, Madame Élisabeth est à son tour guillotinée et Madame Royale reste seule, à 15 ans, pendant plus d'un an, dans l'ignorance de la mort de sa mère et de sa tante et du sort de son frère. Après la mort de celui-ci, le 8 juin 1795, l'opinion s'émeut au sujet de l'orpheline du Temple et le Comité de surveillance décide de lui donner une dame de compagnie, Mme de Chanterenne. Il est finalement décidé que la princesse sera échangée contre des prisonniers français (Pierre Riel de Beurnonville, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Hugues-Bernard Maret, Armand-Gaston Camus, Nicolas-Marie Quinette et Charles-Louis Huguet de Sémonville) capturés par l’armée autrichienne. Marie-Thérèse quitte secrètement la prison du Temple le 19 décembre 1795, jour de ses dix-sept ans, escortée d'un détachement de cavalerie afin de se rendre à Bâle, où elle est remise aux envoyés de l’empereur François II. Considérée comme une héroïne martyre de la Révolution, elle sera désormais, toute sa vie, environnée d'une atmosphère de dévotion et de tristesse. Sa captivité et ses souffrances sont un thème de ralliement des fidèles monarchistes.
Après avoir passé plusieurs années à la cour de Vienne, elle épouse, le 9 juin 1799, au château de Mittau en Courlande (aujourd’hui Jelgava en Lettonie), son cousin germain Louis-Antoine d’Artois, duc d’Angoulême, fils aîné du futur Charles X et futur héritier de la couronne de France. Le mariage est heureux mais Marie-Thérèse n'aura pas d'enfant. De 1799 à 1814, la duchesse d'Angoulême suit la cour de Louis XVIII, à Courlande en Lettonie (1799-1801), à Varsovie en Pologne (1801-1804), à Kalmar en Suède (1804), à nouveau à Mittau (1804-1807), en Angleterre à partir de 1807, au château de Gosfield Hall, dans l'Essex (1807-1809) puis de Hartwell House, dans le comté de Buckingham, près de Londres (1809-1814).
Quand la monarchie des Bourbons est restaurée à la chute de Napoléon en 1814, la duchesse d'Angoulême fait son entrée à Paris avec Louis XVIII le 3 mai 1814. À 36 ans, après vingt années d'exil, Madame est un des emblèmes de la Restauration et de la réconciliation des Français, bien qu'elle soit de nature conservatrice, et que son maintien et sa conversation soient empreints de rigidité. A l'annonce du retour de Napoléon en mars 1815, le roi charge Madame et son mari de défendre Bordeaux, où ils se trouvent alors en déplacement. Malgré sa conduite courageuse, cherchant à ranimer la flamme des soutiens des Bourbons, elle doit s'embarquer pour l'Angleterre le 2 avril 1815. Elle en retire un regain de popularité auprès des royalistes qui la surnomment l'Héroïne de Bordeaux. Après les Cent-Jours, Marie-Thérèse ne rentre en France qu’à la fin de juillet 1815. Louis XVIII et le comte d'Artois étant veufs, elle est la première dame de la cour des Tuileries. Présente à toutes les célébrations dynastiques, elle apparait toujours somptueusement vêtue, tout en se consacrant à d'innombrables causes charitables. Pendant la Restauration, elle parcourt aussi le royaume : elle visite l’ouest de la France, la Bretagne, la Normandie, le Midi, l’Aquitaine et la Vendée ; elle se rend aussi régulièrement en cure à Vichy et à Plombières.
Quand son beau-père le roi Charles X est forcé de renoncer au trône, le 2 août 1830, son époux Louis-Antoine de France aurait pu lui succéder sous le nom de Louis XIX. Mais Charles X abdique en faveur de son petit-fils, Henri d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, fils posthume du duc de Berry. Chassée par l'arrivée de Louis-Philippe au pouvoir, la famille royale doit quitter la France le 16 août 1830, à Cherbourg. Après un séjour en Écosse, au palais de Holyrood, à Edimbourg, l'ancienne famille royale s’installe, à partir d'octobre 1832, au château de Prague, situé alors dans les États de la maison d’Autriche. En mai 1836, ils sont à Goritz (aujourd'hui Gorizia en Italie) dans le palais Coronini-Cronberg. La duchesse d'Angoulême porte en exil le titre de courtoisie de comtesse de Marnes, son neveu Henri d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, celui de comte de Chambord.
A la suite de l'épopée de sa belle soeur la duchesse de Berry en France en 1832, cherchant à rallier les partisans de son fils, de son emprisonnement et de son mariage secret avec Hector Lucchesi-Palli, duc Della Grazia, celle-ci est exclue de l'ancienne famille royale et ses enfants, Louise d'Artois et Henri comte de Chambord, sont confiés à leur tante Marie-Thérèse, qui les élève dans une fidélité monarchiste passéiste. En 1843 l'ancienne famille royale s'installe au château de Frohsdorf, situé à Lanzenkirchen, près de Vienne en Autriche. Lorsque le 3 juin 1844, le mari de Madame Royale meurt en exil, le jeune comte de Chambord est proclamé « Henri V » par les légitimistes. En 1845 Madame réussit à marier la princesse Louise, alors âgée de 26 ans, à un monarque régnant, le futur duc Charles III de Parme, descendant comme elle de Louis XIV et de Louis XV. En novembre 1846, le comte de Chambord épouse une archiduchesse d'Autriche, la princesse Marie-Thérèse de Modène, dont le père est le seul souverain à ne pas avoir reconnu la monarchie de Juillet.
Marie-Thérèse meurt de pneumonie au château de Frohsdorf, le 19 octobre 1851 à près de soixante-treize ans. Elle est inhumée dans un monastère franciscain à Kostanjevica (aujourd’hui Nova Gorica en Slovénie), où reposent également son oncle Charles X et son mari.
Pendant sa captivité au Temple, Madame Royale a rédigé un Mémoire « sur la captivité des princes et princesses ses parents depuis le 10 Août 1792 jusqu'à la mort de son frère arrivée le 9 de juin 1795 », qui sera publié en 1817, sans nom d'auteur, sous le titre : « Mémoires particuliers, formant, avec l'ouvrage de M. Hue et le Journal de Cléry, l'histoire complète de la captivité de la famille royale à la Tour du Temple », Paris, Audot, 21 janvier 1817. Une nouvelle édition parait en 1823, avec cette fois le texte à la première personne : « Récit des événements arrivés au Temple, depuis le 13 août 1792 jusqu'à la mort du Dauphin Louis XVII », Paris, Audot, 1823. En 1862, une copie exacte du manuscrit original, toujours à la première personne, est éditée sous le titre « Relation de la captivité de la famille royale à la Tour du Temple publiée pour la première fois dans son intégrité et sur un manuscrit authentique », Paris, Poulet-Malassis, 1862.
Plus tard, pendant son exil, Madame royale écrit un Journal des événements depuis le 5 octobre 1789 jusqu'au 2 septembre 1792, qui est publié après sa mort, en 1852, avec le Mémoire précédent, sous le titre : « Madame Marie-Thérèse de France, fille de Louis XVI : relation du voyage de Varennes, et récit de sa captivité à la tour du Temple écrits par elle-même ; précédées d'une notice par le Mis de Pastoret », Paris, A. Vaton, 1852. La famille Hue, qui possédait une copie annotée et corrigée par Louis XVIII, en fait paraître une édition en 1893, sous le titre : « Journal de Marie-Thérèse de France, duchesse d'Angoulême 5 octobre 1789-2 septembre 1792, corrigé et annoté par Louis XVIII... ; introduction par le baron Imbert de Saint-Amand », Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1893.
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