13 mars 1716
16 février 1801
Wolfenbüttel, Philippine-Charlotte de Prusse (1716-1801 ; duchesse de Brunswick-)
Brunswick, Philippine-Charlotte de Prusse (1716-1801 ; duchesse de)
Née le 13 mars 1716 à Berlin, Philippine-Charlotte de Prusse est le septième enfant et la quatrième fille du couple royal formé par le Roi-Soldat Frédéric-Guillaume Ier et son épouse Sophie-Dorothée, fille de George Ier, électeur de Hanovre. Elle est élevée par une Française, Mademoiselle de Monbail, dont la mère, Madame de Rocoules, avait été la gouvernante de son frère, le futur Frédéric II.
Le 2 juillet 1733, Philippine-Charlotte épouse, à Berlin, le prince héritier de Brunswick-Lunebourg à Bevern, Charles, et reçoit une dot de 40 000 thalers. A cette occasion, elle change de religion et se convertit au luthéranisme, pour entrer dans la même confession que sa nouvelle famille. Né en 1713, Charles de Brunswick semble moins raffiné que sa jeune épouse prussienne mais leur mariage est une réussite.
Le jeune couple s’installe d’abord dans une maison de Wolfenbüttel puis au château, lorsque le duc Ferdinand-Albert II succède à son cousin et beau-père, Louis-Rodolphe, en tant que duc de Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, en mars 1735. Le 13 septembre 1735, Charles et Philippine-Charlotte deviennent le nouveau couple ducal. La Duchesse est consciente de ses obligations et les remplit en toute sincérité. Elle prend au sérieux son devoir de charité qui l’amène à s’occuper des plus pauvres et notamment lors de la famine de 1770.
En près de quinze ans, Philippine-Charlotte met au monde treize enfants, sept fils et six filles, dont sept dépasseront vingt-cinq ans. L’aîné devient prince héritier du duché et lorsqu’il aura succédé à son père, sera plus connu des Français sous le nom de duc de Brunswick, celui duManifestede 1792. Les autres enfants participent à la gloire de la dynastie par leurs prestigieuses alliances qui renforcent la haute opinion que se fait la Duchesse de son ascendance. Ainsi, Sophie-Caroline épouse le margrave de Brandebourg-Bayreuth, tandis que sa sœur Anne-Amélie devient duchesse de Saxe-Weimar. Frédéric-Auguste hérite du duché d’Œls, par son mariage avec la fille unique du duc régnant. Le dixième enfant du couple, Elisabeth, est destinée à être couronnée reine de Prusse, par son mariage avec son cousin Frédéric-Guillaume II, mais elle s’en sépare quelques années après. Auguste-Dorothée entre dans la vie religieuse où elle prend la suite de sa tante paternelle comme abbesse de Gandersheim. Enfin, le dernier de la fratrie, Léopold, meurt de façon tragique par noyade en voulant sauver des personnes, menacées par un débordement de l’Oder.
A la mort du duc Charles en 1780, le duché est transmis à son fils héritier. Les dettes considérables qu’il laisse sont remboursées grâce au sens des affaires de la Duchesse mère. Philippine-Charlotte s’installe au palais de Langenhof puis dans celui d’Antoinettenruh, tout en voyageant entre les différentes résidences ducales pour visiter ses enfants et notamment à Brunswick. Mais s’ouvre alors une période bouleversée de sa vie marquée par les deuils, dont celui de son frère Frédéric a été le plus dur, et les conflits politiques. En 1795, elle fait la rencontre de la princesse Louise de Montmorency, française ayant émigré en 1792 et hébergée dans le duché de Brunswick depuis peu. Une amitié profonde se crée et dure jusqu’au décès de Philippine-Charlotte. La duchesse-mère de Brunswick s’éteint le 16 février 1801, à un âge avancé. Elle est inhumée dans le caveau de la famille ducale, dans la cathédrale de Brunswick.
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