2 juillet 1882
21 septembre 1962
Marie Bonaparte (1882-1962) est l'arrière-petite-fille de Lucien Bonaparte. Son père le prince Roland Bonaparte avait épousé Marie-Félix Blanc, la fille de François Blanc, fondateur du casino de Monte-Carlo et de la Société des bains de mer de Monaco, qui meurt un mois après la naissance de Marie. Marie Bonaparte est élevée par sa grand-mère, la princesse Pierre. Elle épouse à Athènes le 12 septembre 1907 le prince Georges de Grèce (1869-1957), second fils du roi Georges Ier de Grèce et de la grande duchesse Olga de Russie, dont elle aura deux enfants, Pierre, né en 1908 et Eugénie, née en 1910.
En 1923, Marie Bonaparte lit l' Introduction à la psychanalyse de Sigmund Freud qui venait d'être traduite et fait la connaissance de René Laforgue qui avait lu Freud dès 1913 et avait consacré en 1922 sa thèse de médecine à « L’affectivité des schizophrènes du point de vue psychanalytique ». Elle fréquente ses causeries, qui présentaient à un public restreint les premières notions de la psychanalyse. Elle entame une longue correspondance avec lui. Souffrant de frigidité, elle subit plusieurs opérations chirurgicales (du nez, des seins, du clitoris) et elle écrit, sous le pseudonyme de « A. E. Narjani », un article intitulé « Considérations sur les causes anatomiques de la frigidité chez la femme ».
En 1924, à la suite de la mort de son père, elle fait une dépression. Elle convainc alors Laforgue d'intercéder auprès de Freud pour que ce dernier la prenne en psychanalyse. Cette psychanalyse se déroule de 1925 à 1938, en allemand, au gré de séjours plus ou moins longs (de deux à six mois), qu'elle fait à Vienne, tout en menant une vie familiale et mondaine. Elle remet à Freud ses cahiers intitulés « Bêtises », qu’elle avait rédigés entre sept et dix ans, en anglais et en allemand, langues que sa grand’mère ignorait. Elle tient le journal de son analyse, « compte rendu méticuleux voire obsessionnel, de son analyse », d’après Frank R. Hartman (1983), qui ne sera accessible, par décision testamentaire, qu’en 2020.
En 1926, Marie Bonaparte fait partie des neuf membres fondateurs de la fondation de la Société psychanalytique de Paris, qu'elle subventionne financièrement, ainsi que la première revue psychanalytique française, la Revue française de psychanalyse, fondée en 1927, dans laquelle elle publie une dizaine de communications, notamment ses traductions de Freud, Avenir d'une illusion et Introduction à la théorie des instincts, ainsi que ses cours professés de janvier à mars 1934, à l’Institut de Psychanalyse.
En juin 1938, après l'annexion de l'Autriche par l'Allemagne, grâce à ses relations avec William C. Bullit, ambassadeur des États-Unis d’Amérique en France, elle organise l’exil de Sigmund Freud et de sa famille à Londres, où elle lui rendit plusieurs visites. Sigmund Freud y meurt le 23 septembre 1939 et ses cendres reposent dans une urne grecque qu’elle lui avait offerte pour ses 75 ans. Elle-même s'exile avec la famille royale grecque pendant la Seconde guerre mondiale, en Crète, à Alexandrie, puis au Cap, en Afrique du Sud. Elle rentre à Londres fin 1944, puis à Paris début octobre 1945. À la mi-décembre 1945 elle retourne à Londres, avant de gagner les États-Unis. Ses liens avec la Société psychanalytique de Paris se relâchent, du fait de la baisse de ses moyens financiers, des discordes qui surgissent entre les psychanalystes parisiens et de ses fréquents déplacements à l’étranger. En 1950, elle se bat en faveur de l’analyse par les non-médecins, en particulier lors du procès intenté, pour exercice illégal de la médecine, à Margaret Clark-Williams, psychothérapeute d’enfants. A partir de 1957, du fait de son opposition à Jacques Lacan, elle s'investit de moins en moins dans la Société Psychanalytique de Paris. En 1960 elle s'engage dans la lutte contre la peine de mort, se rend aux États-Unis et essaye en vain de sauver Caryl Chessman de la chambre à gaz. Elle s'éteint d'une leucémie en 1962 et lègue à la Société psychanalytique de Paris des autographes de Freud, plusieurs collections complètes de ses œuvres et des revues de psychanalyse rares.
Marie Bonaparte Marie Bonaparte a joué un rôle important dans l'implantation de la psychanalyse en France. Outre son action au sein de Société psychanalytique de Paris, elle a traduit plusieurs textes de Sigmund Freud, intervenant dans la question importante de la formulation en français des concepts freudiens. En 1927,elle traduit sous son nom Souvenir d'enfance de Léonard de Vinci de Freud, ce qui crée un scandale pour son milieu mondain, à tel point que son mari tente de la faire rompre avec Freud. Elle traduit les Cinq psychanalyses en collaboration avec Loewenstein. En 1936, elle achète la correspondance de Freud avec Wilhelm Fliess, mise en vente par la veuve de ce dernier, qu'elle édite partiellement après la mort de Freud, en 1950, en collaboration avec Anna Freud et Ernst Kris, sous le titre La naissance de la psychanalyse.
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