1954
2000
Laboratoire de cartographie (Paris ; 1954-2000)
Le laboratoire de cartographie est dirigé successivement par Jacques Bertin (1954-1984), puis par Serge Bonin (1985-1992).
Au sein du laboratoire, la division du travail est celle d’une structure de service : elle sépare les « rédacteurs » chargés de superviser les réponses aux commandes, les « dessinateurs », les services de photographie et de documentation. Elle se double d’une autre division, qui sépare les fonctions techniques des fonctions d’enseignement. En outre, la réponse aux dossiers de commande demeure majoritairement un travail féminin, les activités d’enseignement et de recherche restent longtemps masculines. Au fil du temps, ces divisions se compliquent sous l’effet de la promotion de plusieurs des membres du laboratoire : en plus de Jacques Bertin, directeur d’études depuis 1958, Serge Bonin en 1973 puis Huguette Bertrand en 1978 deviennent maîtres de conférence ; Françoise Vergneault devient directrice d’études en 1989.
Liste des membres du laboratoire :
- Arbellot, Guy. Né en 1929, chef de travaux en 1956, maître de conférences en 1972, rejoint le Centre de recherches historiques en 1971.
- Bertin, Jacques. Né en 1918, directeur d'études en 1958, directeur du laboratoire jusqu'à se retraite le 31 décembre 1984.
- Bertrand, Huguette (née Guermont). Née en 1934, diplômée de l’École supérieure de cartographie géographique de l’université de Paris (ESCG), vacataire en octobre 1959, chef de travaux en 1962, départ temporaire dans le privé au début des années 1970, exerce les fonctions de « rédacteur » dans les années 1960 et 1970, maître de conférence en 1978.
- Bertrand, Jacques. Né en 1942, diplômé de l'ESCG, « collaborateur technique en 1965 », puis « agent contractuel » à partir de 1969, exerce les fonctions de « chef de travaux rédacteur », en retraite au milieu des 2000.
- Bonin, Madeleine (née Kruth). Née en 1934, diplômée de sténographie, entrée au laboratoire en 1961, « aide de laboratoire - aide technique à partir de 1965 », exerce les fonctions de secrétaire du laboratoire après le départ de P. Dufrêne en 1983.
- Bonin, Serge. Né en 1932, diplômé de l’ESCG, entré au laboratoire en 1957, chef de travaux en 1959 « exerçant des fonctions de rédacteurs », maître de conférences en 1973, directeur du laboratoire de 1985 à 1992.
- Brignon, C. Présence au tout début des années 1960.
- Couty, Georgette. Née en 1918, agent contractuel à partir du 1er janvier 1970, photographe, coresponsable du laboratoire de photographie après le départ de M.-Th. Lortic en 1983.
- Couty, Alain. Agent contractuel à partir du milieu des années 1970, photographe, coresponsable du laboratoire de photographie après le départ de M.-Th. Lortic en 1983.
- Desmarets, Micheline. Née en 1934, agent contractuel à partir d’octobre 1975, chargée des travaux de reproduction, puis coresponsable du laboratoire de photographie après le départ de M.-Th. Lortic en 1983.
- Dufrêne, Paulette (née Pouponnot). Née en 1926, diplômée de sténographie, de dactylographie et d'études comptables, entrée au laboratoire en 1964, exerce des fonctions de secrétariat et d'administration, sous le statut d'assistant de recherche puis d'agent contractuel à partir de 1971, jusqu'à son départ au début des années 1980.
- Fachot Eric. Stagiaire (TUC) vers 1985-1986.
- François, Nancy (née Potier). Vacataire au début des années 1960, exerce les fonctions de préparateur et de dessinateur qualifié jusque dans les années 1970.
- Frouin, Martine. Vacataire vers 1984-1985.
- Gambin, M., Mlle. Vacataire au début des années 1960.
- Gimeno, Roberto. Entré au laboratoire en 1977, chef de travaux exerçant les fonctions de rédacteur, puis « assistant EHESS » à partir de 1985.
- Grimaldi, Mlle. Présence au tout début des années 1960.
- Gronoff, Jean-Daniel. Entré au laboratoire à la toute fin des années 1960, chef de travaux exerçant les fonctions de rédacteur dans les années 1970, responsable de l'antenne de Marseille après 1979.
- Hartmann, Mlle. Présence au tout début des années 1960.
- Jacquèmes, Dominique (née Artigues). Entrée au laboratoire après son diplôme (DESS) de cartographie en 1976, contractuelle, exerce les fonctions de rédacteur jusqu'à son départ au 30 novembre 1978.
- Jelinski, Aline. Née en 1940, entrée au laboratoire en 1971, exerce les fonctions de chef de travaux, rédacteur dans les années 1970, contractuelle, en activité jusqu’à la fin des années 1990, en retraite en 2005.
- Laclau Alexandra (née Derlicka). Née en 1942, entrée au laboratoire en 1970, chef de travaux puis ingénieur d'études, exerçant des fonctions de rédacteur, rejoint le Centre de recherches historiques en 2003, en retraite en 2007.
- Lapeyre, Marie-Claude. Née en 1931, diplôme de l’ESCG, attachée de recherche le 1er octobre 1958, chef de travaux en 1960, exerce des fonctions de rédacteur dans les années 1960-1970, départ provisoire en 1971, puis rattachement aux Annales via le Centre de recherches historiques en 1976, ingénieur d'études en 1983.
- Lorant, M. Présence au tout début des années 1960.
- Lortic, Marie-Claude. Photographe, entrée au laboratoire en 1977, « responsable du laboratoire de photographie » en 1979, départ en 1983.
- Mako, Michel. Photographe, présence au tout début des années 1960.
- Postic, Marie-Thérèse. Entrée au Laboratoire au tout début des années 1960, « collaborateur extérieur » puis « contractuel » exerçant, au milieu des années 1960, sous le statut d'assistant de recherche, la fonction de « dessinateur qualifié », présente jusque dans la deuxième moitié des années 1980.
- Récurat, Janine. Diplômée de l’ESCG, entrée au laboratoire en 1957, secrétaire du laboratoire au début des années 1960, chef de travaux en 1962, rejoint le Centre de recherches historiques en 1971.
- Salamon, Danièle. Entrée au laboratoire au tout début des années 1960, « cartographe » en 1962, chargée des fonctions de chef de travaux en 1963, quitte le laboratoire au début des années 1970.
- Vergneault, Françoise (née Belmont). Née en 1932, diplômée de l’ESCG, vacataire en 1960, puis chef de travaux en 1961, sous-directrice d'études en 1969, directrice d'études en 1989.
- Veerkamp, Monique. Entrée au Laboratoire au milieu des années 1960, « assistante de recherche », « dessinateur qualifié » jusque dans les années 1970.
- Vogel, Mlle. Vacataire au début des années 1960.
Le laboratoire de cartographie est créé en 1954, sous l'impulsion de Jacques Bertin, au sein de la VIe section de l'École pratique des hautes études (EPHE). Il devient, en 1975, le « Laboratoire de graphique » de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) naissante. En 1967, il s’associe au Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS).
Le laboratoire a trois fonctions, qui ont peu varié dans le temps.
C’est tout d’abord une structure de service destinée à répondre aux demandes cartographiques et graphiques des chercheurs, des centres, des revues hébergées par la VIe section et, bien au-delà, de l’ensemble de la communauté scientifique et éditoriale.
Il est également un lieu d’invention intellectuelle, principalement à travers la personnalité de Jacques Bertin. L’essor des méthodes graphiques et de leur renommée internationale durant quatre décennies, les innovations techniques (la fameuse « matrice ordonnable ») sont rythmés par la publication d’ouvrages ; le premier d’entre eux est devenu un classique : Sémiologie graphique, publié à l’automne 1967 chez Mouton et Gauthier-Villars. L’invention intellectuelle trouve son expression, conformément aux missions de la VIe section, dans les séminaires de recherche. Jacques Bertin inaugure le sien en 1959 sous l’intitulé « Cartographie et méthodes graphiques dans les sciences sociales ».
Enfin, c’est un lieu d’enseignement. Les enseignements se développent à partir de la fin des années 1970 : expérimentation sur l’application de la graphique dans l’enseignement primaire et secondaire avec Roberto Gimeno, séminaires ouverts par Françoise Vergneault, devenue directrice d’études, en 1984 et 1986, enseignements d’Alexandra Laclau à partir de la fin des années 1980.
Malgré l’ouverture d’une antenne à Marseille en 1979, l’histoire du laboratoire est marquée par une forte unité de lieu. D’abord installé dans les combles du 54 rue de Varenne (7e arr.), siège de la VIe section de l’EPHE, le laboratoire déménage en 1963 au 131 boulevard Saint-Michel (5e arr.), dans une ancienne fabrique, première annexe louée par la VIe section et ancien siège de l’Atelier du Père Castor. Il y demeure jusqu’à sa disparition à la fin des années 1990 et ses archives y sont stockées jusqu’à leur collecte. Cette histoire, fortement localisée, est marquée en outre par une forte stabilité démographique (entre quinze en vingt personnes composent le laboratoire dans les années 1960 et 1970, le chiffre diminuera dans les dernières années) et l’extraordinaire longévité de ses membres
Jacques Bertin part en retraite en 1984, il est remplacé au poste de direction par Serge Bonin jusqu’en 1992. La question de la survie du laboratoire est alors posée et fait notamment l’objet d’un Rapport d’évaluation au printemps 1991, signé par Bernard Lepetit. On y insiste sur les difficultés internes, liées en particulier au poids exercé au sein du laboratoire par son propre fondateur, sur l’absence de projets structurants (L’Atlas de la Révolution française est, de ce point de vue, la dernière grande œuvre collective du laboratoire et est achevé après sa disparition), sur l’absence de renouvellements intellectuels profonds – le laboratoire est passé à côté de la révolution informatique et des renouvellements des sciences statistiques. Dans les faits, le laboratoire disparaît peu à peu au milieu des années 1990 ; ses membres sont alors rattachés soit au service des éditions de l’EHESS, soit à des centres de l’École.
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