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Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française. Service de la Recherche (1960-1974)

Corporate body | Janvier 1960 - Juin 1974 Identifier: FRAN_NP_051509
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France
Archives nationales

Date of foundation:

Janvier 1960

Date of closing:

Juin 1974

LEGAL STATUS

Legal status:

établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial

FUNCTION

Function:

création artistique

Function:

formation

Function:

production audiovisuelle

Function:

production radiophonique

Function:

recherche

MANDATE

Note:

Note de service n° 1699/2651/CC du 24 octobre 1959 (Archives nationales, 20170212/2)

STRUCTURE

Note:

Au début, le Service de la Recherche est constitué de quatre groupes : le GRM, tel qu’en lui-même, et leur modèle à tous, le GRI, groupe de recherches image, le GRT, groupe de recherches technologiques, et le GEC, groupe d’études critiques (héritier direct du CERT), dont le rôle est particulier, puisqu’il doit réfléchir sur ce que font les autres groupes et le service tout entier. Le GEC sera pendant longtemps sous la responsabilité de Sophie Brunet. Un Groupe de recherches communications sera ajouté un peu plus tard.

HISTORICAL NOTE

Historical note:

Par la note de service n° 1699/2651/CC du 24 octobre 1959, Christian Chavanon, directeur général de la Radiodiffusion-télévision française (RTF), confie à Pierre Schaeffer la direction d’un Service de la Recherche à créer au sein de l’organisme. De janvier 1960, date de sa mise en œuvre effective, à juin 1974, date de dissolution de l’Office de radiodiffusion-télévision française (ORTF), le Service de la Recherche sera un fantastique laboratoire de création audiovisuelle et technique, où verront le jour films expérimentaux, documentaires, émissions de télévision, interludes et musiques concrètes et où seront inventés et perfectionnés des instruments tels que l’animographe (pour les dessins animés) ou les phonogènes (permettant la transformation des sons).

Cette production n’est pourtant que la partie émergente de l’iceberg, et c’est aussi dans les structures et l’organisation du Service de la Recherche que se révèlent les questionnements fondamentaux de Pierre Schaeffer sur les médias. Car le nouveau service, qui regroupe des services existants (Club d’Essai, Groupe de recherches musicales, Centre d’études de radio-télévision) est indissolublement lié à cet homme multiple chez qui « l’ingénieur, le musicien, le poète, l’homme d’institutions et de communication, l’inventeur et l’écrivain se croisent dans un profil unique et indissociable » [Jocelyne Tournet-Lammer]. On pourrait ajouter à ces dons multiples celui de philosophe, mais ce qu’il y a peut-être de moins répandu et de plus irremplaçable chez Pierre Schaeffer, c’est sa volonté, jamais reniée, jamais abandonnée, d’œuvrer pour le bien commun. Un bien commun lui-même lié à la nécessité de comprendre les nouveautés radicales provoquées par l’apparition et le développement des médias.

Prémisses

Que veut dire « communiquer » ? En quoi les conditions de la communication, non seulement au sein d’une institution, mais au moyen de machines telles que celles qui enregistrent images et sons, influent-elles sur la communication, et au-delà de la création artistique, sur l’être humain lui-même ? Ces questions habitent Pierre Schaeffer depuis ses débuts radiophoniques. Dès les années quarante, elles forment le cœur de sa réflexion aussi bien philosophique que technique, dont témoignent des textes comme Esthétique et technique des arts relais (1941-1942) ou Le Mythe de la coquille, Notes sur l’expression radiophonique (1944). La création du Studio d’Essai, juste après le stage radiophonique que Schaeffer organise à Beaune en 1942 avec Jacques Copeau, homme de théâtre, est un des premiers jalons de cette recherche. Devenu foyer de résistance où l’on prépare les enregistrements poétiques de la radio à venir, le Studio d’Essai sera le lieu d’où jaillira la voix de la radio libérée en 1944.

En 1946, le Club d’Essai lui succède, que dirige dorénavant Jean Tardieu, et Pierre Schaeffer y poursuit ses créations. C’est aussi en œuvrant dans la « chambre des merveilles » radiophonique qu’il découvre les incroyables métamorphoses obtenues par la technique du sillon fermé, consistant à isoler un fragment sonore de son contexte d’émission. Naît ainsi, en même temps que la musique concrète, le concept d’objet sonore. Après la première diffusion du Concert de bruits en octobre 1948, Pierre Schaeffer est rejoint par Jacques Poullin, avec qui il va parfaire les phonogènes à clavier et à coulisse permettant la transposition des sons, et Pierre Henry, avec lequel il compose Symphonie pour un homme seul.

Un studio de la RTF étant affecté en 1951 à ces recherches, c’est la naissance du Groupe de recherches de musique concrète (GRMC). De nombreuses conférences, des concerts internationaux apportent une forme de reconnaissance à cette nouvelle approche musicale, mais Schaeffer perçoit le risque que la démarche expérimentale se réduise à une simple exploitation de procédés. En 1958, le GRMC, dont il est resté directeur malgré quelques années d’éloignement (pendant lesquelles il créait une nouvelle radiodiffusion en Afrique, la Sorafom), est rebaptisé « Groupe de recherches musicales » (GRM). Cette nouvelle appellation correspond à un élargissement des objectifs de recherche.

Promesses

Dans les statuts établis par la RTF, le Service de la Recherche devient officiellement le successeur du Club d’Essai et du Groupe de recherches musicales. Il s’adjoint également les services du Centre d’études de radio-télévision (CERT), dirigé aussi par Jean Tardieu. Cette fusion administrative, qui est rendue possible par l’expérience que Pierre Schaeffer a acquise tout au long de ces années, comprend aussi bien des transferts de personnel et de budget que des occupations de lieux. Ainsi, le Service de la Recherche s’installe au 37, rue de l’Université, lieu qui avait vu naître le Studio d’Essai, et au 5, rue Jeanne-d’Arc à Issy-les-Moulineaux, lieu où était installé le CERT. À des recherches primordiales axées sur le son, telles qu’elles avaient été développées par le Club d’Essai et le GRM, le Service de la Recherche doit donc dorénavant adjoindre des préoccupations liées à l’image.

« Sa mission essentielle est d’assumer des coordinations et des liaisons latérales qui complèteraient heureusement la spécialisation des domaines technique, artistiques et administratif » explicite la note portant création, tout en assignant au Service de la Recherche celle d’établir une corrélation entre moyen d’expression et moyen de diffusion. Trois autres missions en découlent : le Service devra promouvoir des études d’ensemble, animer des centres expérimentaux et entreprendre l’application des résultats par des programmes d’essai de radio et de télévision.

La vocation de recherche fondamentale et de recherche appliquée est essentielle, car, en assurant toutes les missions qui lui sont confiées, le Service de la Recherche étudie l’interdépendance des aspects techniques et artistiques de la radio-télévision, les liaisons entre sons et images, organise des entraînements, des stages et des formations pour le personnel de réalisation, possède un centre de documentation et publie divers documents liés à l’audiovisuel, qui donnent lieu à d’importants échanges internationaux.

Productions

Les premières années, la production filmique ou musicale du Service de la Recherche est peu diffusée par les antennes nationales, faute de créneau horaire fixe sur l’une des chaînes de télévision ou dans les grilles de programmes radiophoniques. Mais, grâce aux réseaux mis en place lors des festivals, manifestations, journées d’études, enquêtes ou prospective, il commence à se faire connaître en France et à l’étranger. En 1963, le service est jumelé à celui de la Formation professionnelle, pour une durée de deux ans. Après un bref séjour à la Maison de la RTF inaugurée depuis peu, le Service de la Recherche déménage en 1964 au Centre Bourdan, avenue du Recteur-Poincaré, à Paris. Cette installation, qui précède de peu le changement de statut de la RTF en ORTF, coïncide aussi avec une nouvelle orientation, puisqu’à partir de cette période, le Service de la Recherche accède régulièrement à l’antenne (20 heures en 1965, 40 heures en 1967...). Ce tournant n’est pas un abandon de la recherche fondamentale, mais une extension de la recherche appliquée.

Des séries télévisées apparaissent, portées par de nouveaux dispositifs de mise en image : avec Les Conteurs, André Voisin recueille les témoignages de personnes parlant de leur métier ; dans les Grandes répétitions sont filmés musiciens et chefs d’orchestre en préparation de concert ; Un certain regard offre des entretiens avec des scientifiques. La veine expérimentale se poursuit, dont le Banc d’Essai se fait souvent l’écho, de même que les recherches sur le film d’animation et le dessin animé dont l’un des exemples les plus célèbres est Les Shadoks, dont l’irrévérence divisa la France en deux, et qui durent leur salut à l’épouse du général de Gaulle, refusant que soit interdite une série qui amusait ses petits-enfants. Au GRM, outre les créations personnelles des musiciens et les nombreux concerts, se poursuit la recherche fondamentale qui aura comme aboutissement le Traité des objets musicaux en 1966, tandis que le Groupe de recherches technologiques invente et « rend service » aux autres services de radio et télévision. Les groupes de communication, d’études critiques et les sections de prospective, œuvrant à la demande de la direction générale de l’ORTF, assurent une mise en relation des gens et des disciplines. Pendant les quinze années de son existence, le Service de la Recherche produira des milliers de documents « issus de la confrontation de mondes aussi différents que l'art et la technique, aussi distants que les sciences exactes et les sciences humaines, aussi lointains que l'entreprise et l'université, ainsi qu'en témoignent les archives écrites et audiovisuelles qui ont été conservées. » [Jocelyne Tournet-Lammer].

Rayonnement

Mais au-delà des productions, l’importance du service tient aussi à son rayonnement : la recherche permanente de chercheurs, avec leur statut particulier, provoque un renouvellement constant de ceux qui y travaillent et vont ailleurs, de ceux qui sont ailleurs et y travaillent. Le Service de la Recherche est un lieu de passage : on n’y reste pas, et on s’initie à une autre manière de voir et d’entendre, de comprendre, de penser et de communiquer, sous la houlette du « Grand Berger » [surnom donné à Pierre Schaeffer par André Voisin].

« On y tentait des expériences très diverses dans un contexte pluridisciplinaire, recherche d’une méthode de travail, réflexion sur l’image et le son, remise en question des règles de l’art, dans un esprit de grande liberté et d’exigence. Schaeffer était un homme de groupes [...]. Son charisme était indéniable. Ses enregistrements audiovisuels, souvent inédits, où l’on retrouve sa voix, sa présence physique, sa diction (homme de radio), devraient être présentés à toutes les générations actuelles et futures. Elles seraient étonnées, j’en suis sûr, des propos souvent prophétiques de Pierre Schaeffer. Le Service de la Recherche est la face méconnue de la télévision française. » [Jean-Luc Léridon]

En juin 1974, l’ORTF est dissous et partagé en sept sociétés, dont l’une est créée par Pierre Schaeffer après moult démarches auprès des ministères : l’Institut national de l’audiovisuel. Ayant pour mission la sauvegarde des archives audiovisuelles, l’Ina abritera également le service de la Formation professionnelle et le GRM, qui pourra ainsi poursuivre son existence. Quant au Service de la Recherche en tant que tel, il disparaît, mais son sillage persiste au département Recherche de l’Ina, « au carrefour des disciplines de l’image et du son d’une part, et des métiers de l’audiovisuel et de l’archivage d’autre part. » [Ina expert.com]


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This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, No Derivates (BY-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object, even commercially, as long as no alteration is made to the object and you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial (BY-NC) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike (BY-NC-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and as long as you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivates (BY-NC-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object for non-commercial use only, as long as no alteration is made to the object and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

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