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Autriche, Marie-Antoinette-Josèphe-Jeanne d' (1755-1793)

Person | 2 novembre 1755 - 16 octobre 1793 Identifier: FRAN_NP_051364
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France
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Date of birth:

2 novembre 1755

Date of death:

16 octobre 1793

Alternative names:

Autriche-Lorraine, Marie-Antoinette-Josèphe-Jeanne d' (1755-1793)

Marie-Antoinette d'Autriche (reine de France ; 1755-1793)

Marie-Antoinette-Josèphe-Jeanne d' Autriche-Lorraine (reine de France ; 1755-1793)

Marie-Antoinette (reine de France ; 1755-1793)

PLACE

Place:

Conciergerie

Role of the place:

Lieu de Paris

Place:

Paris

Tuileries (palais des)

Role of the place:

Lieu de Paris

Place:

Trianon

Versailles (Yvelines , château de)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Versailles

Versailles (Yvelines , château de)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

OCCUPATION

Occupation:

souverain

Date:

10 mai 1774 - 10 octobre 1789

Note:

reine de France

BIOGRAPHY

Biography:

Marie-Antoinette (2 novembre 1755-16 octobre 1793), est l’avant-dernière enfant de l'empereur d’Autriche François Ier (+ 1765) et de l'impératrice Marie-Thérèse (+ 1780), qui ont 5 fils et 11 filles, dont 10 parviendront à l’âge adulte. Marie-Antoinette est élevée à Vienne (Autriche), au château de la Hofburg et au château de Schönbrunn, avec ses nombreux frères et sœurs, dont les alliances matrimoniales sont au cœur de la politique extérieure de l’Autriche. Deux de ses soeurs sont faites religieuses, Marie-Christine épouse en 1766 le prince Albert de Saxe, Marie-Caroline épouse en 1768 Ferdinand IV, roi de Naples et des Deux-Siciles et Marie-Amélie épouse en 1769 Ferdinand Ier de Parme. La plus jeune et dernière des filles de Marie-Thérèse, Marie-Antoinette, est alors promise au dauphin du roi de France. On dépêche à la cour de Vienne l’abbé de Vermond, chargé de perfectionner son français. Ce dernier l’accompagne en France et reste à ses côtés jusqu’en 1789.

Le 19 avril 1770 Marie-Antoinette épouse par procuration, à Vienne, Louis-Auguste, dauphin de France, à peine plus âgé qu’elle (il est né le 23 août 1754). Le 7 mai 1770, sur un ilôt sur le Rhin entre Kehl et Strasbourg, a lieu la « remise » officielle de la jeune épousée. À cette occasion, elle fait la connaissance de sa première dame d'honneur, Mme de Noailles, de sa dame d'atour, la duchesse de Villars, des comtesses de Mailly et de Tavannes, de la duchesse de Picquigny et de la marquise de Duras, ses secondes dames d'honneur. Elle voit son mari pour la première fois à Compiègne, accompagné par le duc de Choiseul. Le mariage est célébré à Versailles le 16 mai et donne lieu à de grandes fêtes pendant plusieurs semaines ; le 30 mai un feu d’artifice tiré sur l’actuelle place de la Concorde fait malheureusement une centaine de victimes.

Les premières années de Marie-Antoinette à la Cour de Versailles sont difficiles entre un mari qui la délaisse, une étiquette rigide, des intrigues incessantes, la présence de Mesdames, filles de Louis XV, qui la manipulent, et celle de Mme Du Barry, maîtresse de Louis XV, qu’elle déteste. Marie-Antoinette continue à entretenir une relation épistolaire avec sa mère et reçoit les conseils de l'ambassadeur d'Autriche en France, le comte de Mercy-Argenteau, et de son ancien précepteur devenu son lecteur, l'abbé de Vermond.

Le 10 mai 1774, à la mort de Louis XV, son petit-fils devient roi de France sous le nom de Louis XVI et son épouse, Marie-Antoinette, reine de France. Elle a 18 ans. Après plusieurs années de mariage sans enfants, ce qui suscite l’inquiétude de sa mère, le voyage de son frère en France en 1777 et les railleries des courtisans, Marie-Antoinette donne naissance successivement à : Marie-Thérèse, dite « Madame Royale» (1778-1851) ; Louis, le premier Dauphin (1781-1789) ; Louis-Charles, le deuxième Dauphin (1785-1795) et Sophie-Béatrice (1786-1787).

Marie-Antoinette s'entoure d'une petite cour d’amis vite qualifiés de favoris (la princesse de Lamballe, le duc de Lauzun, le comte d'Artois, le baron de Besenval, le duc de Coigny, la duchesse de Polignac), ce qui provoque la jalousie des autres courtisans. Elle fait attribuer en 1782 la charge de gouvernante des Enfants de France à son amie, la duchesse Jules de Polignac. L'absence de relation conjugale du couple royal et de naissance d'un héritier dans les premières années de leur mariage, le goût de Marie-Antoinette pour les toilettes, les bijoux, le théâtre, les bals à l'Opéra, la musique, les fêtes qu'elle organise, l'aménagement et la décoration de ses résidences au Petit Trianon à Versailles et à Saint-Cloud, suscitent de vives critiques et des rumeurs parfois ordurières sur sa vie privée.

Le château du Petit Trianon, construit pour les favorites de Louis XV, Mme de Pompadour puis Mme du Barry, a été offert par Louis XVI à son épouse dès son avènement (1774). La reine reçoit aussi en cadeau de Louis XVI en 1784, le château de Saint-Cloud, ancienne propriété de la famille d'Orléans. Marie-Antoinette fait aménager à Trianon un jardin à l'anglaise, un jardin alpin, un belvédère, un Temple de l'Amour et un petit théâtre, sur la scène duquel elle aime se produire et jouer dans des pièces à la mode, devant un public composé uniquement d'intimes et de membres de sa famille. A partir de 1784, la reine, habillée d'une simple robe de mousseline et d'une capeline de paille, passe avec ses enfants et ses amis une grande partie de la belle saison au Hameau, conçu comme un village idéal avec sa douzaine de « chaumières » autour d'un lac artificiel, son moulin, sa laiterie, sa pêcherie, sa bergerie... Ce mode de vie plus simple et plus familial, inspiré des idées rousseauistes, ne réussit cependant pas à faire taire les critiques.

L’impopularité de Marie-Antoinette, entretenue par des libelles imprimés, devient croissante. Ses dépenses sont pointées du doigt ; l'opinion publique, qui la surnomme Madame Deficit, lui fait porter la responsabilité de la crise financière de la monarchie. L'affaire du Collier (1785-1786) où elle est compromise malgré elle, devient rapidement une crise politique. Louis XVI, souhaitant laver l'affront fait à son épouse, fait arrêter le 15 août 1785 le cardinal de Rohan pour escroquerie et crime de lèse-majesté ; mais l’autorité royale se voit désavouée par l’opinion publique et par le jugement du Parlement de Paris du 31 mai 1786 qui innocente le cardinal. Le peuple, qui considérait déjà Marie-Antoinette comme une femme dépensière et frivole, voit dans cette affaire la preuve de son infamie.

Au début de la Révolution française, Marie-Antoinette vit un double drame personnel : la mort de son fils aîné Louis, le 4 juin 1789 et le départ en émigration de plusieurs de ses proches, dont la duchesse de Polignac et le comte d'Artois, dès le lendemain de la prise de la Bastille (14 juillet 1789).

Le 5 octobre 1789 une foule en armes se rend à Versailles pour demander du pain et exiger la promulgation des décrets du 2 et du 4 août et la signature par le roi de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme. Le 6 octobre les émeutiers envahissent le château, aux cris de « Le Roi à Paris » et « A mort l’Autrichienne », massacrent plusieurs gardes royaux et menacent la vie de Marie-Antoinette, qui parvient à calmer la foule en apparaissant avec ses enfants au balcon du château. Sous la protection de la garde nationale conduite par La Fayette, la famille royale (Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette, leurs deux enfants, Madame royale et le dauphin Louis-Charles, Madame Élisabeth, sœur du roi) doit quitter définitivement Versailles le 6 octobre 1789 et s'installer avec sa suite à Paris, au château des Tuileries, que l'on aménage à la va-vite. Cet épisode sanglant marque la famille royale qui jure ne jamais se séparer. Le 10 octobre, Marie-Antoinette, par décret de l’Assemblée, n’est plus reine de France, mais reine des Français.

Un semblant de vie de Cour est maintenu pendant quelques mois aux Tuileries et la famille royale peut passer l'été 1790 au château de Saint-Cloud. Mais au printemps 1791, la situation devient de plus en plus tendue, la foule empêche la famille royale de sortir des Tuileries pour aller passer Pâques et la belle saison à Saint-Cloud. Louis XVI se résout à fuir la capitale avec sa famille. Partie secrètement dans la nuit du 20 au 21 juin 1791, la famille royale est arrêtée à Varennes dans la nuit du 21 juin 1791 et reconduite aux Tuileries. Marie-Antoinette est plusieurs malmenée par la foule dans le voyage de retour.

Désormais gardée à vue, Marie-Antoinette entretient une correspondance secrète et chiffrée avec le député Barnave, les souverains étrangers (son frère Joseph II, l'impératrice Catherine II de Russie, le roi de Suède, la reine d'Espagne), le comte de Mercy-Argenteau, les émigrés français (les comtes de Provence et d'Artois, frères du roi, la princesse de Lamballe, la duchesse de Polignac) et surtout avec le comte Axel de Fersen, son « ami ».

Marie-Antoinette a rencontré pour la première fois Axel de Fersen à un bal masqué de l’Opéra en janvier 1774. Cet officier suédois au service du roi Gustave III de Suède qui l’emmène dans ses déplacements en Europe, participe à la guerre d’indépendance américaine en 1780-1783 comme aide de camp du général Rochambeau. A son retour, Marie-Antoinette lui marque sa faveur en lui faisant obtenir le régiment Royal-Suédois. Le dévouement de Fersen pour Marie-Antoinette est à la hauteur de l’amour que la reine lui porte (attesté dans ses lettres) et qui est sans doute platonique. C’est lui qui organise avec Bouillé la fuite à Varennes ; réfugié à Bruxelles, il se démène pour mobiliser les monarchies européennes à former un congrès pour défendre la monarchie française. Il est l’auteur de plusieurs plans d’évasion de Marie-Antoinette des Tuileries pendant l’hiver 1791-1792, il organise sa correspondance secrète et la conseille dans la conduite à suivre.

Elevée par sa mère l’impératrice Marie-Thérèse et par le comte de Mercy-Argenteau, ambassadeur d’Autriche, dans l’esprit du Pacte de famille liant les principales monarchies européennes, Marie-Antoinette ne voit son salut et celui de la monarchie française, que dans les puissances étrangères, l’Autriche principalement, mais aussi la Suède. Mais la guerre, déclarée à l'Autriche, le 20 avril 1792, dans laquelle elle voit un espoir d’écraser la Révolution, enflamme le sentiment patriotique. Le château des Tuileries est pris d'assaut par les Révolutionnaires une première fois le 20 juin 1792. Le 10 août 1792, le château est brûlé et pillé, les gardes du corps massacrés, et la famille royale doit se réfugier à l’Assemblée ; la déchéance de la monarchie est proclamée. Marie-Antoinette et sa famille sont enfermés d'abord au couvent des Feuillants puis au Temple. À la fin de l'année 1792, Louis XVI est mis en procès ; il est guillotiné le 20 janvier 1793. Marie-Antoinette est désormais appelée « la veuve Capet ».

En mars 1793, une première tentative d’évasion de la famille royale du Temple, est organisée par le chevalier de Jarjayes, époux de la première femme de chambre de Marie-Antoinette, avec le secours de Toulan et Lepitre ; il prévoyait son embarquement au Havre à destination de l’Angleterre. Le 3 juillet 1793, Marie-Antoinette est séparée de son fils, Louis XVII, qui est confié au cordonnier Simon. Le 2 août, elle est enfermée à la Conciergerie. A la fin du mois d’août, échoue de peu une nouvelle tentative d’évasion, appelée conspiration de l’œillet, mené par Jean-Baptiste Michonis et le chevalier de Rougeville. Le 12 octobre la reine apprend que son procès est fixé au 15 octobre suivant, ce qui ne laisse pas de temps à son défenseur, me Chauveau-Lagarde pour préparer sa défense. Sa demande de sursis de trois jours est rejetée. Pendant ce temps son fils a été interrogé au Temple de façon à lui faire avouer des relations incestueuses avec sa mère, accusations que Marie-Antoinette réfutera avec beaucoup de dignité lors de son procès en lançant son fameux « J’en appelle à toutes les mères ». Le 16 octobre 1793 au petit matin, Marie-Antoinette est condamnée à mort par le Tribunal révolutionnaire ; transférée à la Conciergerie, elle écrit une dernière lettre à sa belle-sœur Marie-Thérèse ; elle est emmenée en charrette à l’échafaud, les cheveux coupés, les mains liées dans le dos, et est guillotinée le même jour à midi.


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This object is not or no longer protected by copyright and has been labelled with the Public Domain Mark. It can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication. All possible existing rights in the content are waived, and the object can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution (BY) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object, even commercially, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for Attribution Creative Commons Share Alike Licence

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NoDerivs

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NonCommercial

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, No Derivates (BY-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object, even commercially, as long as no alteration is made to the object and you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial (BY-NC) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike (BY-NC-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and as long as you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivates (BY-NC-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object for non-commercial use only, as long as no alteration is made to the object and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

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