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Jérôme, Le prince (1822-1891)

Person | 9 septembre 1822 - 17 mars 1891 Identifier: FRAN_NP_051185
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France
Archives nationales

Date of birth:

9 septembre 1822

Date of death:

17 mars 1891

Alternative names:

Napoléon, Le prince (1822-1891)

Napoléon, Prince (1822-1891)

Prince Jérôme, Le (1822-1891)

Prince Napoléon, Le (1822-1891)

Bonaparte, Napoléon-Joseph-Charles-Paul (1822-1891)

PLACE

Place:

Corse

Corse (île)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Florence

Florence (Italie)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Palais-Royal

Palais Royal

Role of the place:

Lieu de Paris

Place:

Rome

Rome (Italie)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Royaume d'Italie

Italie

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Sarthe

Sarthe (Pays-de-la-Loire , département)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Trieste

Trieste (Italie)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

OCCUPATION

Occupation:

Note:

Député de la Corse (1848-1849 ; 1876-1877) et de la Sarthe (1849-1851).

Occupation:

Date:

1858 - 1859

Note:

Ministre de l'Algérie et des Colonies (1858 à 1859).

Occupation:

sénateur

Date:

1852 - 1870

BIOGRAPHY

Biography:

Né à Trieste (Italie) le 9 septembre 1822, Napoléon-Joseph-Charles-Paul Bonaparte, plus communément appelé Napoléon Jérôme Bonaparte, puis ensuite prince Jérôme ou prince Napoléon, est le second fils de Jérôme Bonaparte, ex-roi de Westphalie, et de la princesse Catherine de Wurtemberg. Il est représentant aux Assemblées constituante et législative de 1848-1849, sénateur du Second Empire, et député de 1876 à 1877.

Elevé d'abord à Rome puis à Florence, il termine ses études à Genève et à Arenenberg ; il entre à l'École militaire de Louisbourg (Wurtemberg), en sort premier avec le grade de lieutenant, envoie peu après sa démission, et se met à voyager en Allemagne, en Angleterre, en Espagne. Il obtient du ministère Guizot, à force d'insistance, l'autorisation de venir à Paris, et se lie avec quelques-uns des chefs du parti démocratique ; le gouvernement de Louis-Philippe en prend ombrage et l'éloigne, mais pour lui permettre bientôt, à titre provisoire (1847), de rentrer en France avec son père l'ex-roi Jérôme.

La révolution du 24 février 1848 provoque chez le prince Napoléon un vif enthousiasme. Il se présente comme candidat républicain à l'Assemblée constituante, et est élu, le 23 avril, représentant de la Corse ; il siége à la gauche modérée et vote, au début de la session, avec la majorité.

Il prend place ensuite dans la gauche de l'Assemblée législative, où il a été élu, le 13 mai 1849, par deux départements, la Sarthe, pour lequel il opte, et la Charente-Inférieure ; il vote le plus souvent avec la gauche. Vers la fin de la législature, et aux premiers bruits de coup d'État, le prince Napoléon s'abstient, à dessein, de prendre parti dans les débats orageux qui signalent l'année 1851.

Le coup d'Etat accompli, le prince Napoléon se met d'abord à l'écart ; mais cette attitude ne dure pas, et il accepte de l'Empire restauré l'hérédité éventuelle de la couronne, et le titre de prince français, qui comporte de droit celui de sénateur.

Lors de la campagne de Crimée, le prince Napoléon s'embarque le 10 avril 1854, à Marseille, à la tête d'une division d'infanterie de réserve, qu'il laisse bientôt devant Sébastopol pour regagner la France et remplir les fonctions de président de la « commission impériale de l'Exposition universelle » .

Il voyage ensuite (1857) dans les mers du Nord, est quelque temps « ministre de l'Algérie et des Colonies » (1858-59) et donne sa démission, en raison de la tournure que prennent les affaires italiennes : il vient d'épouser (30 janvier 1859) la fille de Victor-Emmanuel, Clotilde-Marie-Thérèse de Savoie.

Quand la guerre d'Italie éclate, le prince Napoléon est envoyé à Livourne avec un corps d'armée : il y demeure jusqu'à la paix de Villafranca.

Il brille davantage comme orateur au Sénat, où il prononçe plusieurs discours importants. L'attitude d'opposant qu'il prend souvent à l'égard du gouvernement lui attire plus d'un désaveu de la part de Napoléon III. À la suite d'une harangue prononcée en Corse, à l'occasion de l'inauguration de la statue de Napoléon Ier, il est même nettement blâmé par l'Empereur. Le prince se démet alors de ses fonctions de membre et vice-président du conseil privé, et de membre du conseil de régence.

Au Sénat, il vote, seul, contre l'adresse de 1864. Sa disgrâce n'est d'ailleurs qu'officielle ; il semble tenir surtout à sa réputation de libre-penseur, et la petite cour du Palais-Royal, résidence officielle du prince, réunit fréquemment About, Renan, Sainte-Beuve, que le parti catholique regarde comme ses plus dangereux ennemis.

Entre-temps, il voyage en Europe sur un yacht à vapeur, construit pour lui, leJérôme-Napoléon.

En 1869, lorsque l'Empire se fait parlementaire et « libéral », il passe pour avoir exercé quelque influence sur la politique nouvelle qu'annonçe le message du mois de juillet. La vérité est qu'il s'attache dans un discours (août 1869) au Sénat, à propos de la discussion sur le sénatus-consulte, à revendiquer pour la France les garanties d'un gouvernement constitutionnel ; son opinion est combattue par Rouher, président du Sénat, avec une certaine vivacité.

Après le plébiscite, le prince Napoléon vient d'entreprendre un nouveau voyage sur les côtes de Norvège (2 juillet 1870), quand les événements politiques le rapellent en France. Il n'obtient, cette fois, aucun commandement dans l'armée, et essaie vainement de décider Victor-Emmanuel à prêter son concours contre la Prusse ; il apprend à Florence la capitulation de Sedan et la proclamation de la République, se retire avec sa femme et ses enfants au château de Prangins en Suisse, et se tient à l'écart pendant toute la durée de la guerre.

Il ne rentre en scène que le 7 octobre 1871, comme membre du conseil général de la Corse ; son passage en France pour se rendre à son poste, à Ajaccio, donne lieu à des démonstrations hostiles contre sa personne, et le débat, au sein du conseil, sur la validation de son élection amène le retrait de tous les membres bonapartistes, et la démission du prince, qui part pour l'Italie.

Réélu conseiller en 1872, il est expulsé de France par le gouvernement de Thiers ; le ministère du 24 mai lui refuse le rétablissement de son nom sur la liste des généraux de division.

La mort imprévue du prince impérial vient raviver l'ambition du prince, qui, devenu le chef de la famille Bonaparte, n'est toutefois accepté pour prétendant à l'Empire que par une fraction du parti bonapartiste. Beaucoup lui opposent son fils aîné Victor-Napoléon, désigné par le prince impérial lui-même comme son successeur. Il est banni de France en 1886 par la loi d'exil frappant tous les membres des familles ayant régné sur la France. Retiré à Prangins, il meurt le 17 mars 1891 lors d'un séjour à Rome où il a l'habitude de passer ses hivers.


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