Return to search

La Trémoïlle (famille de)

Family | XIe siècle - XXe siècle Identifier: FRAN_NP_050023
View in original presentation

View context

France
Archives nationales

Date of birth:

XIe siècle

Date of death:

XXe siècle

Alternative names:

La Trémoïlle (famille de ; 1001-2000)

PLACE

Place:

La Trimouille

La Trimouille (Vienne)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Sully

Sully-sur-Loire (Loiret)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Talmont

Talmont-Saint-Hilaire (Vendée)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Thouars

Thouars (Deux-Sèvres)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

château de Serrant

Saint-Georges-sur-Loire (Maine-et-Loire)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

BIOGRAPHY

Biography:

La maison de La Trémoille (ou La Trémoïlle) est l'une des plus anciennes et plus illustres familles françaises, qui s'est surtout illustrée au Moyen-Age et au XVIe siècle. Les La Trémoïlle se sont particulièrement distingués sur les champs de bataille. Aux XIVe et XVe siècle, ils participent aux combats de la guerre de Cent Ans, tantôt du côté du duc de Bourgogne, tantôt du côté du roi de France. A la fin du XVe siècle et au début du XVIe siècle, ils s'illustrent dans les guerres d'Italie. Au XVIe siècle, ils s'engagent dans les guerres de religion dans le parti protestant et soutiennent le futur Henri IV. Au XVIIe siècle, ils hésitent entre la religion catholique et la religion prétendue réformée et participent à la Fronde contre Mazarin en 1651. Les La Trémoïlle ont été notamment princes de Tarente, Talmont, Thouars, Taillebourg, barons de Craon, comtes de Laval. Ils ont été au XIVe et XVe siècle grands chambellans du duc de Bourgogne, grands chambellans de France. La ligne directe s'éteint en 1933 par les hommes et en 1996 par les femmes ; le nom de La Trémoïlle a été relevé en 1933 par une branche de la maison de Ligne.

Le premier seigneur de La Trémoïlle (La Trimouille est près de Montmorillon dans l'actuel département de la Vienne) aurait été, vers le milieu du XIe siècle, un petit-fils de Guillaume, comte de Poitou, nommé Pierre, qui apparait en 1040 dans une charte en faveur de l'église Saint-Aubin d'Angers. Gui Ier de La Trémoïlle fait partie en 1096 de la première croisade, rebâtit l'abbaye Saint-Remy de Reims et confirme en 1140 plusieurs dons faits par ses ancêtres à l'abbaye de l'Étoile.

La fortune de la maison de La Trémoïlle commence avec de Guy VI de La Trémoïlle (1346-1397). Garde de l'oriflamme de France, grand chambellan héréditaire de Bourgogne, il sait obtenir de nombreuses donations du roi de France et du duc de Bourgogne. Il se marie en 1382 avec Marie de Sully, princesse de Boisbelle, veuve de Charles de Berry, prince de Montpensier, qui lui apporte les terres de Sully, Boisbelle, Craon, Sainte-Hermine, Luçon. En 1396 il fait commencer la construction du château actuel de Sully-sur-Loire (Loiret). Il participe à la croisade de Jean Ier de Bourgogne, est fait prisonnier à Nicopolis ( auj. Bulgarie) en 1396 et meurt à Rhodes ( auj. Grèce) en 1397.

Au XVe siècle, Georges Ier de La Trémoïlle (1384-1446) est en 1413 grand chambellan du duc de Bourgogne. Il s'allie avec le roi de France en 1419, entre au conseil du roi en 1422 et devient grand chambellan de France, connétable de France. Il participe aux guerres contre les Anglais, notamment en 1429 auprès de Jeanne d'Arc. De 1428 à 1433 il se livre à une guerre privée avec Arthur de Richmont et Jean V de Bretagne. En 1440 il prend part à la Praguerie avec les ducs de Bourbon, de Bretagne, de Dunois, d'Alençon et le dauphin, futur Louis XI. Georges Ier épouse en premières noces Jeanne, comtesse d'Auvergne et de Boulogne, et en secondes noces, Catherine de l'Isle-Bouchard.

Louis Ier de La Trémoïlle (1429-1483) se met au service du roi de France ; il est l'un des signataires du traité de Picquigny qui met fin à la guerre de Cent Ans (1475) et participe à la guerre contre le duc de Bourgogne Charles Le Téméraire. Il épouse en en 1446 Marguerite d'Amboise qui fait entrer la vicomté de Thouars et la principauté de Talmont dans la famille de La Trémoïlle. Son frère Georges II de La Trémoïlle (1437-1481), dit le sire de Craon, se met d'abord au service du duc de Bourgogne Philippe le Bon, puis à partir de 1468 à celui du roi de France Louis XI qui le nomme gouverneur de Touraine, lieutenant général des armées en 1470, gouverneur de Champagne, de Brie et du Barrois en 1474, gouverneur de Bourgogne en 1477 et le décore de l'ordre de Saint-Michel nouvellement créé.

Louis II de La Trémoïlle (1460-1525), surnommé « le chevalier sans reproche », se distingue à la tête des armées royales lors des troubles de la Guerre folle et de la Guerre de Bretagne et remporte la bataille de Saint-Aubin du Cormier (1488). Il remporte de nombreux succès dans les guerres d'Italie (bataille de Fornoue, 1495, siège de Novare, 1500, victoire d'Agnadel, 1509, Marignan, 1515). Il meurt sur le champ de bataille de Pavie (1525). Il épouse en 1484 Gabrielle de Bourbon et en 1516, Louise de Valentinois, fille de César Borgia. Son fils unique Charles de La Trémoïlle (1485-1515) épouse en 1501 Louise de Coëtivy, comtesse de Taillebourg, princesse de Mortagne et perd la vie à la bataille de Marignan (1515).

François de La Trémoïlle (1505-1541) épouse en 1521 Anne de Laval, fille de Guy de Laval et de Charlotte d'Aragon-Naples, qui lui apporte des droits sur le royaume de Naples. Louis III de La Trémoïlle (1521-1577) épouse Jeanne de Montmorency, fille du connétable.

Claude de La Trémoïlle (1566-1604), duc de Thouars, surnommé le duc de La Trémoïlle, opte en 1587 pour la religion réformée et combat pour Henri IV, qui le récompense en érigeant le duché de Thouars en pairie en 1595. Il épouse en 1598 Charlotte-Brabantine d'Orange-Nassau (1580-1631), fille de Guillaume Le Taciturne, belle-soeur d'Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne et cède en 1602 à Maximilien de Rosny les terres de Sully-sur-Loire et de La Chapelle d'Angillon en Berry. Sa soeur Charlotte-Catherine de La Trémoïlle épouse en 1586 Henri Ier de Bourbon-Condé. Elle est accusée d'avoir voulu empoisonner son mari, chef de la RPR, mort en 1588 d'un mal mystérieux.

Au XVIIe siècle, Henri III de La Trémoïlle (1598-1674), prince de Tarente et de Talmont, comte de Laval, se convertit au catholicisme en 1628 au siège de La Rochelle, participe en 1629 à la campagne d'Italie, en 1630 à la prise de Carignan et en 1636 au siège de Corbie. Il épouse en 1619 Marie de La Tour d'Auvergne, soeur de Turenne. Celle-ci entreprend en 1635 de restaurer et d'agrandir le château de Thouars.

Leur fils Henri Charles de La Trémoïlle (1620-1672), revient au protestantisme et fait ses premières armes en Hollande auprès de son oncle le prince d'Orange. Il épouse en 1648 Amélie de Hesse-Cassel. Il fronde en 1651 contre le cardinal de Mazarin. Arrêté en 1656, il est incarcéré quelques mois à Amiens puis retourne servir en Hollande. Rentré à Thouars en 1668, il abjure le protestantisme en 1670, deux ans avant sa mort.

Au XVIIIe siècle, Charles-Belgique-Hollande de La Trémoïlle (1655-1709), épouse en 1675 Madeleine de Créquy, duchesse de Poix. Joseph-Emmanuel de La Trémoïlle ( ?-1720) créé cardinal en 1706, évêque de Bayeux puis archevêque de Cambrai, est ambassadeur à Rome en 1706. Charles-Armand-René de La Trémoïlle (1708-1741), premier gentilhomme de la chambre du roi en 1717, fait une carrière militaire et entre en 1738 à l'Académie française.

Charles-Bretagne-Marie de La Trémoïlle (1746-1839), prince de Tarente, épouse en premières noces en 1781 Louise-Emmanuelle de Châtillon (1763-1814). Nommée en 1785 dame du palais de Marie-Antoinette, la princesse de Tarente accompagne la reine dans sa détention aux Tuileries en 1789-1792 et assiste à la prise du château des Tuileries le 10 août 1792. Dans ses Souvenirs, publiés en 1897, elle prend la défense de la reine. Elle émigre en Angleterre puis en Russie en 1797 où elle devient dame d'honneur de la tsarine Maria Feodorovna, tandis que son époux rejoint les armées des émigrés. Charles-Bretagne épouse en secondes noces en 1817 Marie Virginie de Saint-Didier et en troisièmes noces en 1830, Valentine Eugénie Walsh de Serrant, qui apporte le château de Serrant en Anjou.

Louis-Charles de La Trémoïlle (1838-1911), duc de La Trémoïlle, duc de Thouars, prince de Talmont, comte de Laval, époux de Marguerite-Eglé Duchâtel, se distingue par ses travaux d’érudition. Il consace sa vie à explorer et mettre en valeur les archives de sa famille conservées au château de Serrant, avec l'aide de Paul Marchegay et Hugues Imbert. Membre de l’Académie des Inscriptions, il a notamment laissé : Correspondance de Charles VII et de ses conseillers avec Louis II de La Trémoïlle pendant la guerre de Bretagne, 1488 (1875), Le Chartrier de Thouars (1877), Les La Trémoïlle pendant cinq siècles (1890-1896), Jeanne de Montmorency, duchesse de La Trémoïlle, et sa fille, la princesse de Condé, 1573-1629 (1895).

Louis-Charles-Marie de La Trémoïlle (1863-1921) est député de la Gironde de 1906 à 1919. Il fait construire entre 1912 et 1920 un hôtel particulier à Paris près des jardins du Trocadéro qui porte son nom. Il épouse Hélène Pillet-Will, fille du propriétaire du grand cru Château Margaux. Leur fils Louis-Jean-Marie de La Trémoïlle (1910-1933) meurt prématurément dans l'incendie d'un château anglais dans le Hampshire. Sans héritier, il transmet son nom et ses domaines à ses neveux, princes de Ligne.


Rate this content

Was this content helpful? Let Archives Portal Europe and the archival institution know what you think.

Add feedback

Contact this institution

Feedback is sent directly to the institution holding this material and should preferably be submitted in English or in the language of the institution, if possible. The institution will aim at getting back to you as soon as possible to help you with your request, though you might need to allow between two and four weeks for this depending on the current workload at the institution.

Not all required fields have been filled in.

Full name*

Your full name is required

Email address*

Your email address is required

Your message*

A message is required

Archives Portal Europe help guide

Please select amongst the relevant tips we can help with. If you still have questions, please do not hesitate to contact us, and we will be in touch as soon as possible.

Starting your search here will include all content available in Archives Portal Europe. Simply enter your keyword(s) and hit the search button. Wrap fixed expressions in quotation marks, e.g. “French Revolution”. Check the box to “Search each term separately” in case you are looking for documents containing at least one word, but not necessarily all keywords; this will also allow you to search for the same term in multiple languages at the same time (e.g. “French Revolution” “Révolution Française”). You can also use wildcards - find more about Research Tools here. If you would like to use more specific settings, try our Advanced search

The additional advanced search options give you the possibility to focus your search in:

  • archival documents (Search in archives),
  • names of person and organisations that created, worked with and maintained these documents (Search in names),
  • Institutions currently holding the documents (Search in institutions).

When searching with multiple terms at the same time, wrap fixed expressions in quotation marks (e.g. "French Revolution"), or check the box "Search each term separately" in case you are looking for either one term of the other. This will also allow you to search for the same term in multiple languages (e.g. "French Revolution" "Révolution française"). You can also choose one of the suggestions matching your search term once you start typing.

This will only show results that include documents that have been digitised and are available online

Use this option to search only one or more keywords, rather than all of them

Select where your search terms should appear specifically inside the archival description:

  • Title: search terms will appear in the title, or name, of the description
  • Content Summary: search terms will appear in the main description of the document or of the collection
  • Reference code: it is the identifier of the archival material as provided by the institution. Use this option if you know the exact reference code of the material you are looking for

You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the archival description:

  • The name can be the full name of a person, family or organisation as well as only parts of it, e.g. only the last name.
  • The identifier is used internally by the institution or refers to (inter)national vocabularies such as the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF).
  • The place can be the place of birth (or foundation), the place of death (or closing), the place of work or any other place of importance.
  • The occupation is the profession or job of a person.
  • The mandate is a law, directive or charter that establishes and defines an organisation's powers, functions, responsibilities or sphere of activities.
  • The function is an activity, role, or purpose performed or manifested by a person, family or organisation.

You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the description of the archive:

  • Name: search term appears in the name of the institution. It can be the full name of an archival institution or only parts of it.
  • Place: search term appears in the address or area of the institution. It can be the city or town, where the archival institution is located or any other place of importance (e.g. previous locations)

  • A finding aid is a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds, up to item level.
  • A holdings guide is an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.
  • A source guide is a topic-oriented overview of collections and fonds of one or several institutions.
    You can filter by one or more entity types:
  • A person (e.g. John Locke, or Jean Jaques Rousseau);
  • A family (e.g. Bonaparte, or Helgason);
  • A corporate body, i.e. the name of an institution, organisation, or company (e.g. Ministerie van Justitie, or Electro Mecánica Antonio Armentano)

Please note that this filter will only include institutions, for which a type has been provided as part of their descriptions:

  • A business archive holds the records of (often) commercial organisations.
  • A church or religious archive holds the records of church parishes or religious organisations, e.g. birth or death registers.
  • A county or local authority archive holds the records of the county's administrative bodies.
  • A media archive holds audiovisual or sound records, e.g. a film archive or the archive of a broadcasting company.
  • A municipal archive holds the records of a town or city administration.
  • A national archive holds the records of a country's administrative bodies, i.e. from ministries and other public bodies, sometimes also private papers of former ministers, chancellors, or presidents.
  • A private person or family archive holds the records forming the legacy of a prominent person or family.
  • A regional archive holds the records of a region's administrative bodies.
  • A specialised governmental archive holds records of public bodies, often operating on a national level, that are not part of the national archives' holdings.
  • A specialised non-governmental archive or archive of another cultural heritage institution hold collections from various cultural heritage institutions, eg. museum archives, libraries archives, etc
  • A university archive or archive of another research organisation holds the records pertaining to the administration of the according educational or research body.
  • Political parties, popular/labour movements and other non-governmental organisations, associations, agencies and foundations hold the archival collections of these institutions, outside of governmental records and outside of business archives (e.g., NGOs)

Enter a start and/or end date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01-01-1900 for 1 January 1900. This will allow you to focus your search on a specific period of time. You can use the calendar function or type directly in the text field. The checkbox "Exact date search" concentrates the search on one specific date.

Check "View in context" to view the results in the hierarchical structure of archives.

  • Choose "List view" to view the results in a simple list, ordered according to relevance or date
  • Choose "Context view" to view the results in the hierarchical structure of the holding archives.

For more details see Research Tools

Please sign in to save your searches.

A holdings guide is an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.

A finding aid is a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds up to item level.

You can filter results by selecting one or more countries of interest. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by one or more holding archival institutions. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can select to view results from a specific Finding Aid, i.e., a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds up to item level. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter by type of descriptive document:

  • "Holdings Guide": an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.
  • "Source guide": a topic-oriented overview of collections and fonds of one or several institutions. a description of the archival collections available. Similar to Holdings guides
  • "Finding aid" provides more detailed descriptions of the archival materials of specific collections or fonds

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by selecting "Fonds description" for a general overview or "Other descriptions" for item level. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by selecting only those containing digital objects, i.e. the link to the digitised version of the archival material you are looking for. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by type of digital object you are interested in:

  • Text: most documental material, such as administrative records, letters, manuscripts etc.
  • Image: includes photographs, posters, maps.
  • Sound: sound recording with no images
  • Video: moving images with or without sound
  • Unspecified: indicates that the holding institution has not specified the type of digital object
  • 3D: 3-d digital objects

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers)

  • Full dates includes normalised date information available for date-based searches. It is recommended to combine this selection with the filters "Start timespan" and "End timespan" for more details.
  • Only descriptive dates provides the date information in human-readable format.
  • No date either includes documents where the creation date is unknown, or where date information is not in a machine-readable format

Please note that not all documents contain a machine-readable date. More information here

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers). This filter will only include materials with "Full dates", i.e. those that include date information available for date-based searches. You can either search for a specific date of interest or focus step by step on the time span of a century, decade, year or month. When searching for a specific date, enter the date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01/01/1900 for 1 January 1900, via the calendar function or by typing directly in the text field.
This filter concentrates on the earliest dates mentioned in the materials.

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers). This filter will only include materials with "Full dates", i.e. those that include date information available for date-based searches. You can either search for a specific date of interest or focus step by step on the time span of a century, decade, year or month. When searching for a specific date, enter the date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01/01/1900 for 1 January 1900, via the calendar function or by typing directly in the text field.
This filter concentrates on the latest dates mentioned in the materials.

You can filter results based on the language in which the material is written. Please note that this filter will only include materials where specific language information has been provided by the institution and is therefore in a machine-readable format. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.



You can filter results by selecting one or more topics of interest. Please note that this filter will only include materials where the topic has been assigned and is therefore in a machine-readable format. Read how to assign a topic to documents on the Topics page. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.



You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the archival description:

  • The name can be the full name of a person, family or organisation as well as only parts of it, e.g. only the last name.
  • The identifier is used internally by the institution or refers to (inter)national vocabularies such as the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF).
  • The place can be the place of birth (or foundation), the place of death (or closing), the place of work or any other place of importance.
  • The occupation is the profession or job of a person
  • The mandate is a law, directive or charter that establishes and defines an organisation's powers, functions, responsibilities or sphere of activities.
  • The function is an activity, role, or purpose performed or manifested by a person, family or organisation

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by type of entities:

  • Person (e.g., John Locke or Jean Jaques Rousseau)
  • Family (e.g., the family Bonaparte)
  • Corporate body (an institution, organisation, or company, e.g. the "Ministerie van Justitie")
You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the language in which the material is written. Please note that this filter will only include materials where specific language information has been provided by the institution and is therefore in a machine-readable format. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the type of holding institution. Please note that this filter will only include institutions, for which a type has been provided as part of their descriptions.

  • A business archive holds the records of (often) commercial organisations.
  • A church or religious archive holds the records of church parishes or religious organisations, e.g. birth or death registers.
  • A county or local authority archive holds the records of the county's administrative bodies.
  • A media archive holds audiovisual or sound records, e.g. a film archive or the archive of a broadcasting company.
  • A municipal archive holds the records of a town or city administration.
  • A national archive holds the records of a country's administrative bodies, i.e. from ministries and other public bodies, sometimes also private papers of former ministers, chancellors, or presidents.
  • A private person or family archive holds the records forming the legacy of a prominent person or family.
  • A regional archive holds the records of a region's administrative bodies.
  • A specialised governmental archive holds records of public bodies, often operating on a national level, that are not part of the national archives' holdings.
  • A specialised non-governmental archive or archive of another cultural heritage institution hold collections from various cultural heritage institutions, eg. museum archives, libraries archives, etc
  • A university archive or archive of another research organisation holds the records pertaining to the administration of the according educational or research body.
  • Political parties, popular/labour movements and other non-governmental organisations, associations, agencies and foundations hold the archival collections of these institutions, outside of governmental records and outside of business archives (e.g., NGOs)

Write your message in your own language and use this drop-down menu to have your message translated into English or in the language of the institution for a swifter response. By checking this box and selecting a language you will send your original message along with the translated version

What kind of suggestion would you like to make?

  • Assign to topic: assign this record to one of our Topics. Topics are created following the Unesco Thesaurus
  • Suggest translation: If you have translated this archival description or the documents themselves, please send it to us as a .doc or .pdf file
  • Connect to another resource: If this object relates to another resource in Archives Portal Europe, or anywhere else on the web (e.g., an article on Wikipedia), you can suggest it to be linked to this resource
  • Other: If you have any other relevant material, such as a transcription of the document, please upload it and let us know here

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for Attribution Creative Commons Licence

This object is not or no longer protected by copyright and has been labelled with the Public Domain Mark. It can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication. All possible existing rights in the content are waived, and the object can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution (BY) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object, even commercially, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for Attribution Creative Commons Share Alike Licence

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NoDerivs

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NonCommercial

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, No Derivates (BY-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object, even commercially, as long as no alteration is made to the object and you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial (BY-NC) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike (BY-NC-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and as long as you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivates (BY-NC-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object for non-commercial use only, as long as no alteration is made to the object and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

Return to search Make a suggestion Contact this institution