17 octobre 1973
La date de début correspond à la date de déclaration en préfecture.
Fonds mondial pour la nature France
Association française du Fonds mondial pour la nature
Section française du Fonds mondial pour la nature
World Wildlife Fund France
World Wide Fund for Nature France
World Wide Fund
AFWWF
Association française du World Wildlife Fund (Fonds mondial pour la nature) (AFWWF)
WWF France (1973-….)
En 1960, le biologiste britannique et directeur de l’Unesco, Julian Sorell Huxley (1887-1975), après un voyage en Afrique de l’Est, alerte le public sur la possibilité de voir disparaître la vie sauvage dans cette région au cours des vingt prochaines années, en raison de la proportion prise par la chasse des animaux et la destruction de l’environnement. Le 29 avril 1961, un groupe de scientifiques, de publicitaires et de chargés de relations publiques, dont Hans Lukas Hoffman (1923-2016), publient le « manifeste de Morges », une déclaration internationale qui représente l’acte fondateur du futur World Wildlife Fund. Ils choisissent un symbole fort permettant d’identifier l’organisation, le panda géant, tel Chi-Chi, pensionnaire récemment installé au zoo de Londres qui devient la mascotte de l'institution. Le 11 septembre 1961 est créé officiellement le World Wildlife Fund (actuel World Wildlife Fund International). Les fondateurs décident de créer des bureaux dans différents pays et de travailler avec des organisations non-gouvernementales. La première organisation nationale est constituée au Royaume-Uni le 23 novembre, aux États-Unis, le 1er décembre et en Suisse quelques jours plus tard.
L’Association française du World Wildlife Fund (Fonds mondial pour la nature, ou AFWWF) est déclarée le 17 octobre 1973 à la préfecture de Paris. Fondée par Hans Lukas Hoffmann, son objet est la « protection de la nature et de l’environnement » et son logo est une représentation d'un panda géant. Jusqu’au début des années 1980, elle consacre majoritairement ses activités à la protection des espèces (balbuzard de Corse, flamant rose de Camargue), à la gestion d’aires protégées existantes (aide au développement du Parc national du Banc d'Arguin, en Mauritanie) et à la création de nouvelles (achat de l'île de Litiri dans l'achipel de Molène, participation à la création du Parc naturel régional de Camargue). Parallèlement à sa participation aux campagnes internationales, elle développe des politiques nationales. Par exemple, en 1975, la première campagne internationale de collecte de fonds pour les forêts tropicales est lancée. Les fonds recueillis permettent la gestion à long terme de plusieurs douzaines de parcs nationaux et réserves en Afrique centrale et occidentale, en Asie du sud-est ainsi qu’en Amérique latine. En France, l’association et la station biologique de la Tour du Valat construisent un îlot artificiel en Camargue, première zone humide du pays par la taille, afin de faciliter le retour des flamants roses. Le 13 avril 1978, l’association est reconnue d’utilité publique.
En 1980, dans le prolongement de la notion de réserve de la biosphère lancée en 1974 par l'Unesco, la Stratégie mondiale de la conservation est éditée conjointement par le Programme des Nations unies pour l'environnement ( United Nations Environment Program), l’Union internationales pour la conservation de la nature ( International Union for Conservation of Nature) et le WWF. Ce document fondamental du mouvement de la protection de la nature à l'échelle mondiale affirme que l'humanité, dans sa volonté de réaliser son développement économique et dans sa quête des richesses naturelles, doit accepter la réalité de la limitation des ressources et de la capacité de charge des écosystèmes, et tenir compte des besoins des générations futures. Il ne s'agit plus seulement de préserver les espèces, ni même les espaces : la sauvegarde de la nature, entendue comme ressources vivantes, est mise au service du développement durable. La même année, afin de sensibiliser le grand public à la proctetion de la nature, débute la publication du période Panda (devenu Panda magasine) dont la diffusion s'arrête en 2011. En 1986, l’association s’engage dans le collectif « Loire vivante » qui milite pour que la Loire reste un fleuve sauvage face à l’annonce d’un projet de grands barrages et de digues artificielles venant entraver le cours naturel du fleuve. Son répertoire de modes d’actions (achat de terres, sensibilisation de l’opinion, éducation des populations, enquêtes sur les zones menacées, lutte contre le braconnage, etc.) est étoffé à cette occasion en s’appuyant sur la désobéissance civile : manifestations, occupations de chantier, actions politiques et études alternatives.
Au cours des années 1990, l’association approfondit la révision de sa démarche en concordance avec les objectifs de la Stratégie : maintenir les processus écologiques essentiels et les systèmes entretenant la vie, préserver la diversité génétique, veiller à l'utilisation durable des espèces et des écosystèmes. Elle classe son travail en trois catégories interdépendantes : la préservation de la diversité biologique, la promotion du concept d'utilisation durable des ressources, et la réduction du gaspillage et de la pollution, le tout en accroissant la coopération avec les populations locales. Elle sensibilise les citoyens et les gouvernements aux implications du changement climatique et tâche de les persuader de réduire au maximum les activités polluantes. Surtout, en 1992, elle fait partie des groupes de pression qui covainquent les gouvernements de signer les conventions sur la diversité biologique et le climat lors de la conférence des Nations unies sur l’environnement et le développement au cours du Sommet de la Terre à Rio de Janeiro. Le WWF s’engage pour un traité international sur le climat, qui voit le jour en 1997 à l’issue de la conférence de l’ONU à Kyoto. Au cours de cette décennie, la collaboration avec des entreprises s’intensifie, notamment par la création de labels ( Forest Stewardship Council ou Marine Stewardship Council), afin de réduire leurs impacts environnementaux et d’influencer les secteurs et marchés liés à leurs activités. En 1998, en France, le WWF signe avec un groupe de la distribution alimentaire son premier partenariat.
Depuis le début du XXIe siècle, l’association poursuit sa stratégie d’actions locales et mondiales, complétée par des activités de lobbying et des campagnes de communication, afin de ralentir le changement climatique, réduire les substances toxiques dans l’environnement, protéger les océans et les cours d’eau, arrêter la déforestation et sauver les espèces sauvages. Depuis 2000, elle publie tous les deux ans un rapport qui étudie les conséquences des activités humaines sur la planète.
Le 24 mars 2004, l’association devient une fondation reconnue d’utilité publique. En 2006, elle est à l’origine de l’Alliance pour la Planète, une plate-forme d’acteurs de l’écologie française et dans ce cadre, elle initie notamment l’opération « 5 minutes de répit pour la Planète » qui devient Earth Hour l’année suivante. Le 12 décembre 2015, à l’issue de la COP21 qui s’est tenue à Paris, les gouvernements adoptent un accord universel sur le climat qui pose les jalons d’une action sur le long terme pour lutter contre le changement climatique.
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