20 mars 1917
16 novembre 1917
France. Ministère du Ravitaillement général (1917)
L'arrêté du 15 mai 1917 organise les services du ministère du Ravitaillement général et des Transports maritimes :
1) Cabinet du ministre
Service du cabinet
Personnel de l'administration centrale du ministère
2) Direction du ravitaillement
Cabinet du directeur
Service du personnel
1re section. Section administrative et économique
- Service des études économiques et administratives
- Service de liaison avec l'Inspection générale du Ravitaillement
- Service des transports
- Service de liaison avec les ministères du Commerce et des Finances
2e section
Sucres.
3e section
Viandes, pommes de terre, fruits et légumes frais, lait, beurre, oeufs, fromages.
4e section
Poissons, sels, riz, café, huiles, graisses, légumes secs, pétrole et essence, bougies et autres matières d'éclairage.
5e section
Section d'Arkangelsk. Ravitaillement en produits russes.
3) Sous-direction des céréales
1re section
Contrôle, mesures législatives, dérogations, taxes, pâtes alimentaires, pain, fourrages.
2e section
Achat et transports.
3e section
Transit et répartition.
4e section
Contrôle des moulins et de la boulangerie.
4) Direction des transports maritimes
Cabinet du directeur
Services du personnel
Section du contentieux
Office d'affrètement
Gestion des navires affrétés
Service de comptabilité des navires
Cabotage
Transports d'Amérique
Flotte charbonnière et flotte de secours
Flotte de ravitaillement
Transit maritime
Statistiques et renseignements
Service de Londres
5) Direction des combustibles
Secrétariat général
Bureau des études et de la statistique
Bureau du contentieux
Bureau national des charbons
Bureau des combustibles autres que les combustibles minéraux
6) Service de la comptabilité
L'arrêté du 24 juillet 1917 entérine la réorganisation du ministère opérée par les décrets des 3 et 4 juillet. Les directions des transports maritimes et des combustibles disparaissent, les autres services conservent les mêmes attributions :
Service administratif du cabinet du ministre
Direction du ravitaillement
Sous-direction des céréales
Service de la comptabilité
L'arrêté du 29 octobre 1917 procède à une une refonte complète des services du ministère :
1) Cabinet du ministre
Services administratifs du cabinet
Contrôle des dépenses engagées
2) Direction du ravitaillement
Le directeur du ravitaillement a une autorité directe sur les services administratifs, le service financier et l'inspection générale du ravitaillement, il exerce un contrôle général sur la direction des services commerciaux.
3) Services administratifs
Statistiques et documentation
Législation
Propagande, économies et restriction volontaires
Blocus, prohibitions d'importation et d'exportation et dérogation
Ravitaillement des régions envahies et des prisonniers
Contentieux, répression des fraudes et de la spéculation
Personnel de l"administration centrale et des services extérieurs
4) Direction des services commerciaux
Secrétariat général
Affaires réservées
1re sous-direction - approvisionnements
-Céréales.
- Contrôle des moulins et de la boulangerie, pâtes alimentaires, bicuiterie, dérogations.
- Sucres.
- Graines oléagineuses et corps gras.
- Transports maritimes.
2e sous-direction - contrôle des vivres et répartition
- Liaison avec l'inspection générale du ravitaillement.
- Organisations diverses relatives à la consommation (coopératives).
- Viandes.
- Pommes de terre, légumes et denrées diverses.
- Répartition du sucre, chocolat, confiserie, pâtisserie.
- Liquides.
- Huiles et corps gras, pétrole et essence.
Services des transports terrestres
5) Inspection générale du ravitaillement
Répartition des denrées et produits pour les besoins de l'armée
6) Service financier
Budget
Ordonnancement
Comptabilité
Matériel
Entre 1914 et 1918, un des multiples défis des gouvernements consiste à nourrir en priorité huit millions de mobilisés et toute la population civile dans un pays désorganisé par la mobilisation, en partie envahi, coupé de ce fait de ses sources d’approvisionnement agricoles et minérales du Nord et de l’Est, et devenu dépendant des achats à l’étranger.
Pour répondre à ce défi dont on ignore la durée et l’ampleur, est créé par décret du 8 septembre 1914 un service du Ravitaillement civil, sans rang de secrétariat d’État, rattaché au ministère du Commerce et de l’Industrie ; le ravitaillement militaire étant quant à lui du ressort d’un sous-secrétariat d’État de l’Intendance et du Ravitaillement (1er juillet 1915-12 décembre 1916).
Si le service du Ravitaillement civil reste sous l’autorité d’un même directeur – Fernand Chapsal – durant toute la durée de la guerre, les ministères de tutelle se succèdent en fonction des combinaisons politiques et pour répondre à des situations de crise : pénuries et chertés des denrées et des combustibles, qui imposent des réglementations de plus en plus sévères impliquant réquisitions et rationnement.
Fin 1916, le service du Ravitaillement civil cesse d’avoir une existence distincte et s’intègre dans une organisation générale du ravitaillement civil et militaire, dans un vaste mais éphémère ministère des Travaux publics, des Transports et du Ravitaillement dont le titulaire est Édouard Herriot (12 décembre 1916-20 mars 1917), la question du ravitaillement étant de plus en plus liée aux transports.
Après la chute du cabinet Briand et la démission de Herriot, le ravitaillement est érigé en ministère confié à Maurice Viollette qui prend le titre de ministre du Ravitaillement général et des Transports maritimes (décret du 20 mars 1917). Il a dans ses attributions « tout ce qui concerne l’achat et le transport des vivres et des denrées de toute nature, ainsi que leur répartition aux armées et à la population civile ».
La centralisation dans un ministère unique indique l’importance politique de la question du ravitaillement au moment le plus difficile (mauvaises récoltes suivies d’un hiver rigoureux, crise des transports et blocus dû à la guerre sous-marine), nécessitant de coordonner les initiatives des autorités locales, d’établir une réglementation stricte et de rapprocher les besoins et les moyens d’acquisition - les transports maritimes -, la France ne pouvant subsister sans les importations en provenance des États-Unis et surtout de Grande-Bretagne.
Le décret du 7 avril 1917 transfère au ministère du Ravitaillement général et des Transports maritimes les attributions précédemment affectées au ministère des Travaux publics :
• ravitaillement (articles 1 et 2 du décret du 31 décembre 1916) ;
• transports maritimes (articles 2 et 3 du décret du 31 décembre 1916) ;
• affrètement et gestion des navires, contrôle de l’emploi des navires affrétés et transit dans les ports (article 1er du décret du 1er janvier 1917, décrets des 14 janvier et 26 février 1917).
Les compétences du nouveau ministère sont en outre étendues au secteur hautement stratégique du ravitaillement en combustibles par le rattachement des services des importations des combustibles minéraux, des services du ravitaillement en combustible de toute nature et du Bureau national des charbons (BNC) (décret du 29 avril 1917). Ces services sont regroupés dans une direction des combustibles dont le chef a sous ses ordres le BNC et la sous-direction des bois et des combustibles végétaux destinés à compenser le manque de charbon (décret du 1er juin 1917).
Mais Louis Loucheur, sous-secrétaire aux Fabrications de guerre depuis décembre 1916 et rival de Maurice Viollette, obtient, dès le 19 juin 1917, au nom de la priorité absolue de l’armement, que les services de l’importation des combustibles minéraux, du ravitaillement en combustible de toute nature et des transports maritimes soient placés sous son autorité en vertu d’une délégation permanente du ministère du Ravitaillement général et des Transports maritimes.
Cette délégation précède de peu le rattachement définitif des services des combustibles au ministère de l'Armement et des Fabrications de guerre (décret du 3 juillet 1917) et des transports maritimes au ministère des Travaux publics et des Transports, au profit d’un sous-secrétariat d’État des transports maritimes et de la marine marchande chargé de l’entretien, de l’accroissement et de l’exploitation de la flotte commerciale utilisée par les services publics et les particuliers (décret du 4 juillet 1917). À cette occasion le ministère change de nom et devient ministère du Ravitaillement général.
Après la démission du ministère Ribot, Maurice Long remplace brièvement Maurice Viollette comme ministre du Ravitaillement général dans le gouvernement Painlevé en conservant les mêmes attributions (décret du 12 septembre 1917).
Georges Clemenceau qui succède à Painlevé ne souhaite pas maintenir l’autonomie du ravitaillement ; il devient un sous-secrétariat d’État dirigé par Edouard Vilgrain (décret du 17 novembre 1917), rattaché au nouveau ministère de l’Agriculture et du Ravitaillement (décret du 16 novembre 1917), puis au ministère du Commerce et de l’Industrie (20 janvier 1920-28 février 1921).
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