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Ministère du Ravitaillement général et des Transports maritimes

Corporate body | 20 mars 1917 - 16 novembre 1917 Identifier: FRAN_NP_009179
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France
Archives nationales

Date of foundation:

20 mars 1917

Date of closing:

16 novembre 1917

Alternative names:

France. Ministère du Ravitaillement général (1917)

LEGAL STATUS

Legal status:

ministère

FUNCTION

Function:

action gouvernementale

Function:

agriculture

Function:

consommation

Function:

Function:

intervention économique

Function:

réquisition

Function:

transports

Function:

MANDATE

STRUCTURE

Note:

L'arrêté du 15 mai 1917 organise les services du ministère du Ravitaillement général et des Transports maritimes :

1) Cabinet du ministre

Service du cabinet

Personnel de l'administration centrale du ministère

2) Direction du ravitaillement

Cabinet du directeur

Service du personnel

1re section. Section administrative et économique

- Service des études économiques et administratives

- Service de liaison avec l'Inspection générale du Ravitaillement

- Service des transports

- Service de liaison avec les ministères du Commerce et des Finances

2e section

Sucres.

3e section

Viandes, pommes de terre, fruits et légumes frais, lait, beurre, oeufs, fromages.

4e section

Poissons, sels, riz, café, huiles, graisses, légumes secs, pétrole et essence, bougies et autres matières d'éclairage.

5e section

Section d'Arkangelsk. Ravitaillement en produits russes.

3) Sous-direction des céréales

1re section

Contrôle, mesures législatives, dérogations, taxes, pâtes alimentaires, pain, fourrages.

2e section

Achat et transports.

3e section

Transit et répartition.

4e section

Contrôle des moulins et de la boulangerie.

4) Direction des transports maritimes

Cabinet du directeur

Services du personnel

Section du contentieux

Office d'affrètement

Gestion des navires affrétés

Service de comptabilité des navires

Cabotage

Transports d'Amérique

Flotte charbonnière et flotte de secours

Flotte de ravitaillement

Transit maritime

Statistiques et renseignements

Service de Londres

5) Direction des combustibles

Secrétariat général

Bureau des études et de la statistique

Bureau du contentieux

Bureau national des charbons

Bureau des combustibles autres que les combustibles minéraux

6) Service de la comptabilité

L'arrêté du 24 juillet 1917 entérine la réorganisation du ministère opérée par les décrets des 3 et 4 juillet. Les directions des transports maritimes et des combustibles disparaissent, les autres services conservent les mêmes attributions :

Service administratif du cabinet du ministre

Direction du ravitaillement

Sous-direction des céréales

Service de la comptabilité

L'arrêté du 29 octobre 1917 procède à une une refonte complète des services du ministère :

1) Cabinet du ministre

Services administratifs du cabinet

Contrôle des dépenses engagées

2) Direction du ravitaillement

Le directeur du ravitaillement a une autorité directe sur les services administratifs, le service financier et l'inspection générale du ravitaillement, il exerce un contrôle général sur la direction des services commerciaux.

3) Services administratifs

Statistiques et documentation

Législation

Propagande, économies et restriction volontaires

Blocus, prohibitions d'importation et d'exportation et dérogation

Ravitaillement des régions envahies et des prisonniers

Contentieux, répression des fraudes et de la spéculation

Personnel de l"administration centrale et des services extérieurs

4) Direction des services commerciaux

Secrétariat général

Affaires réservées

1re sous-direction - approvisionnements

-Céréales.

- Contrôle des moulins et de la boulangerie, pâtes alimentaires, bicuiterie, dérogations.

- Sucres.

- Graines oléagineuses et corps gras.

- Transports maritimes.

2e sous-direction - contrôle des vivres et répartition

- Liaison avec l'inspection générale du ravitaillement.

- Organisations diverses relatives à la consommation (coopératives).

- Viandes.

- Pommes de terre, légumes et denrées diverses.

- Répartition du sucre, chocolat, confiserie, pâtisserie.

- Liquides.

- Huiles et corps gras, pétrole et essence.

Services des transports terrestres

5) Inspection générale du ravitaillement

Répartition des denrées et produits pour les besoins de l'armée

6) Service financier

Budget

Ordonnancement

Comptabilité

Matériel

HISTORICAL NOTE

Historical note:

Entre 1914 et 1918, un des multiples défis des gouvernements consiste à nourrir en priorité huit millions de mobilisés et toute la population civile dans un pays désorganisé par la mobilisation, en partie envahi, coupé de ce fait de ses sources d’approvisionnement agricoles et minérales du Nord et de l’Est, et devenu dépendant des achats à l’étranger.

Pour répondre à ce défi dont on ignore la durée et l’ampleur, est créé par décret du 8 septembre 1914 un service du Ravitaillement civil, sans rang de secrétariat d’État, rattaché au ministère du Commerce et de l’Industrie ; le ravitaillement militaire étant quant à lui du ressort d’un sous-secrétariat d’État de l’Intendance et du Ravitaillement (1er juillet 1915-12 décembre 1916).

Si le service du Ravitaillement civil reste sous l’autorité d’un même directeur – Fernand Chapsal – durant toute la durée de la guerre, les ministères de tutelle se succèdent en fonction des combinaisons politiques et pour répondre à des situations de crise : pénuries et chertés des denrées et des combustibles, qui imposent des réglementations de plus en plus sévères impliquant réquisitions et rationnement.

Fin 1916, le service du Ravitaillement civil cesse d’avoir une existence distincte et s’intègre dans une organisation générale du ravitaillement civil et militaire, dans un vaste mais éphémère ministère des Travaux publics, des Transports et du Ravitaillement dont le titulaire est Édouard Herriot (12 décembre 1916-20 mars 1917), la question du ravitaillement étant de plus en plus liée aux transports.

Après la chute du cabinet Briand et la démission de Herriot, le ravitaillement est érigé en ministère confié à Maurice Viollette qui prend le titre de ministre du Ravitaillement général et des Transports maritimes (décret du 20 mars 1917). Il a dans ses attributions « tout ce qui concerne l’achat et le transport des vivres et des denrées de toute nature, ainsi que leur répartition aux armées et à la population civile ».

La centralisation dans un ministère unique indique l’importance politique de la question du ravitaillement au moment le plus difficile (mauvaises récoltes suivies d’un hiver rigoureux, crise des transports et blocus dû à la guerre sous-marine), nécessitant de coordonner les initiatives des autorités locales, d’établir une réglementation stricte et de rapprocher les besoins et les moyens d’acquisition - les transports maritimes -, la France ne pouvant subsister sans les importations en provenance des États-Unis et surtout de Grande-Bretagne.

Le décret du 7 avril 1917 transfère au ministère du Ravitaillement général et des Transports maritimes les attributions précédemment affectées au ministère des Travaux publics :

• ravitaillement (articles 1 et 2 du décret du 31 décembre 1916) ;

• transports maritimes (articles 2 et 3 du décret du 31 décembre 1916) ;

• affrètement et gestion des navires, contrôle de l’emploi des navires affrétés et transit dans les ports (article 1er du décret du 1er janvier 1917, décrets des 14 janvier et 26 février 1917).

Les compétences du nouveau ministère sont en outre étendues au secteur hautement stratégique du ravitaillement en combustibles par le rattachement des services des importations des combustibles minéraux, des services du ravitaillement en combustible de toute nature et du Bureau national des charbons (BNC) (décret du 29 avril 1917). Ces services sont regroupés dans une direction des combustibles dont le chef a sous ses ordres le BNC et la sous-direction des bois et des combustibles végétaux destinés à compenser le manque de charbon (décret du 1er juin 1917).

Mais Louis Loucheur, sous-secrétaire aux Fabrications de guerre depuis décembre 1916 et rival de Maurice Viollette, obtient, dès le 19 juin 1917, au nom de la priorité absolue de l’armement, que les services de l’importation des combustibles minéraux, du ravitaillement en combustible de toute nature et des transports maritimes soient placés sous son autorité en vertu d’une délégation permanente du ministère du Ravitaillement général et des Transports maritimes.

Cette délégation précède de peu le rattachement définitif des services des combustibles au ministère de l'Armement et des Fabrications de guerre (décret du 3 juillet 1917) et des transports maritimes au ministère des Travaux publics et des Transports, au profit d’un sous-secrétariat d’État des transports maritimes et de la marine marchande chargé de l’entretien, de l’accroissement et de l’exploitation de la flotte commerciale utilisée par les services publics et les particuliers (décret du 4 juillet 1917). À cette occasion le ministère change de nom et devient ministère du Ravitaillement général.

Après la démission du ministère Ribot, Maurice Long remplace brièvement Maurice Viollette comme ministre du Ravitaillement général dans le gouvernement Painlevé en conservant les mêmes attributions (décret du 12 septembre 1917).

Georges Clemenceau qui succède à Painlevé ne souhaite pas maintenir l’autonomie du ravitaillement ; il devient un sous-secrétariat d’État dirigé par Edouard Vilgrain (décret du 17 novembre 1917), rattaché au nouveau ministère de l’Agriculture et du Ravitaillement (décret du 16 novembre 1917), puis au ministère du Commerce et de l’Industrie (20 janvier 1920-28 février 1921).


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This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

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