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Doopsgezinde gemeente Noordhorn, 1757 - 1968

Reference: 362

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Nederland
Groninger Archieven

Finding aid sub-groups

S. Koorn
2021
Groninger Archieven
Nederlands

Physical description

0,9 m standaardarchiefberging

General remarks

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BA4450A1ABCB45488CC2C2F1B301B0AF

Laatste uitvoer

26-08-2021

Beschrijving

Inventaris van het archief van de doopsgezinde gemeente Humsterland, na 1838 doopsgezinde gemeente Noordhorn

Behoort tot collectie

Rijk

Laatste publicatie

2007

Other descriptive information

Historisch overzicht

Over de wederdopers in het Humsterland in de periode 1531 -1535 is maar weinig bekend. [NOTE A.F. Mellink, Documenta Anabaptistisca Neerlandica, I, 131]

Een deel van de wederdopers vroegen - na de val van de stad Munster in juni 1535 - Menno Simons van Witmarsum (Fr.), een uit de Roomse Kerk getreden priester, om hun leidsman te worden. Zijn volgelingen werden na 1544 Menno's volk of Mennisten genoemd.

In de dooplijst [NOTE Dooplijst van Leenart Bouwens betreffende de provincie Groningen: zie Groninger Volksalmanak 1915, 113-118.] van de "Oudste" Leenart Bouwens worden alleen aantallen gedoopten vermeld. In de periode 1551-1582 werden in Ezinge ca. 25, in Niehove 25 en Noordhorn 32 personen gedoopt. Tot welke gemeenten deze dopelingen behoorden is niet meer vast te stellen.

In de periode 1555 - 1570 splitsten de Mennisten in Nederland en Oost-Friesland zich in meerdere groepen. In 1574 en 1578 vergaderden verschillende groepen Mennisten uit het gehele land in Humsterland en spraken over de onderlinge geschillen. Het verslag van deze vergaderingen staat bekend als "Vrede in Humsterland" [NOTE Gemeentearchief Amsterdam, Inventaris der archiefstukken berustende bij de Vereenigde Doopsgezinde gemeente te Amsterdam, 1883, I, inv.nr. 467, 470 en 473.] . Veel stabiliteit heeft dit document echter niet gebracht. Door steeds verder gaande splitsingen en gebrek aan andere informatie is de gemeenteontwikkeling in de rest van de 16e en 17 eeuw in het Humsterland nauwelijks meer te volgen. Omstreeks 1710 zijn er in het Humsterland twee gemeenten: één der stroming van de Groninger Oude Vlamingen en één der stroming van de Vlamingen.

De gemeente der Groninger Oude Vlamingen vergaderde op Gaaikemaweer [NOTE S. Blaupot ten Cate, Geschiedenis van de Doopsgezinden in Groningen, Overijssel en Oost-Friesland, I, 205] .
De gemeente had in 1710 [NOTE RHC Groninger Archieven (GrA), Archief van de Sociëteit der Groninger Oude Vlamingen (SGOV), toegangsnummer 358, inv.nr. 1] : 14 broeders, in 1733: 8 broeders en 6 zusters, in 1754: 7 broeders en 6 zusters, in 1767: 1 vermaner en 12 leden. Van de 12 leden was 1 diaken en 1 vermaner met emeritaat. Gewoonlijk had men per gemeente 2 vermaners. Een van hun bekendste vermaners was Tiete Popkes. Hij begon in 1725 als vermaner en werd in 1733 door de Sociëteit tot Oudste verkozen. In 1766 werd in de notulen [NOTE ibidem, inv.nr. 4] van de Sociëteit aangetekend dat de gemeente zeer klein is en medegedeeld dat: "er zijn nog 6 broeders, dog Tiete Popkens schijnt nog niet buyten hoop te zijn, eerlang nog een verkiesing van een leraar te sullen doen". Na het overlijden van Tiete Popkes (in de ouderdom van ca 74 jaar) in 1770, kwam de gemeente niet meer ter Sociëteitsvergadering. Op 4 juli 1775 deelden de nog overgebleven leden mede [NOTE ibidem, inv.nr. 1, notulen 1775] dat zij zich afscheidden van de Sociëteit der Groninger Oude Vlamingen. De leden sloten zich aan bij de Vlaamse gemeente op de Jensemaweg in Humsterland. De vermaning op Gaaikemaweer werd in 1778 verkocht. [NOTE GrA, Archief van het Plaatselijk Gerecht van Niehove, toegangsnummer 735, inv.nr. 380, 21 oktober 1778]

De leiding van de gemeente berustte in de eerste helft van de negentiende eeuw bij de leraar en de kerkeraad van 5 leden.

De beroeping in 1818 van Gerrit Bakker uit Oldeboorn, die gestudeerd had aan de "Kweekschool" te Amsterdam (opleidingsinstituut voor doopsgezinde predikanten), heeft grote invloed op de gemeente en haar omgeving gehad. Vanaf 1826 werden er pogingen gedaan om een nieuw kerkgebouw te verkrijgen. Dit gelukte eerst in 1838. De overheid gaf 20% subsidie onder beding dat de architectuur onder toezicht van een ambtenaar van "den Waterstaat" zou geschieden. Op 30 september van dat jaar werd de laatste doopsgezinde dienst in de vermaning aan de Jensemaweg in Humsterland en op 18 november werd de nieuwe kerk aan de Langestraat te Noordhorn met het meubilair [NOTE GrA, Archief van de Sociëteit van Doopsgezinde gemeenten in Groningen, Drenthe en Oost-Friesland, toegangsnummer 359, inv.nr. 6] uit de oude vermaning in gebruik genomen. De naam van de gemeente werd gewijzigd in Doopsgezinde gemeente Noordhorn. De lege vermaning aan de Jensemaweg werd bij publieke verkoping van 29 april 1839 [NOTE GrA, Archieven van de notarissen te Zuidhorn, standplaats 15, toegangsnummer 99, inv.nr. 107, aktenrs. 59a en 64.] verkocht.

De hoogste bieders waren leden van de Christelijk afgescheiden gemeente van Ezinge, die het gebouw voorlopig als kerk voor hun gemeente in gebruik namen. Na realisatie door de Christelijk afgescheiden gemeente van een eigen kerkgebouw te Ezinge in 1842, kreeg de oude vermaning een particuliere bestemming. De oude vermaning werd in 1862 gesloopt [NOTE Dienst van het Kadaster en Openbare registers, Kad. gem. Oldehove, sectie K, hulpkaart 23, opgemaakt 5 mei 1862] en vervangen door twee nieuwe woningen.

In 1852 werd de in het slop geraakte organisatie van de gemeente gereorganiseerd. Er werd een reglement vastgesteld. Men zou voortaan minimaal 4 keer per jaar als kerkenraad bijeen komen en hiervan notulen bijhouden. Voor de ledenadminstratie werd een nieuw boek aangeschaft. De kerkenraad werd met 1 lid ten behoeve van het gemeentefonds uitgebreid. Het oudste kerkenraadslid van het gemeentefonds in dienstjaren werd voorzitter. De leraar werd belast met het secretariaat.

Na het overlijden van Gerrit Bakker in 1871 werd besloten een nieuwe pastorie te bouwen. Ze werd in 1872 in gebruik genomen. [NOTE GrA, Archief van de Doopsgezinde gemeente Humsterland na 1838 Noordhorn (DgHu), toegangsnummer 362, inv.nr. 47]

In 1887 stelde de vacante gemeente Pieterzijl aan de gemeente Noordhorn voor om samen één predikant te beroepen. Het resultaat was echter, dat de predikant het beroep van de gemeente Pieterzijl aannam en de gemeente Noordhorn verliet. Een eventuele combinatie komt in de volgende decennia bij vacatures regelmatig ter sprake. De combinatie kwam pas in 1946 onder druk van de financële situatie van beide gemeenten alsmede het gebrek aan proponenten tot stand. Beroepen werd predikant S.S. Smeding van Ouddorp (Zuid-Holland). In 1956 werd deze gevraagd om consulent te zijn in de vacante gemeente Den Horn. Gesprekken tussen de gemeente Den Horn en de predikant Smeding leidden ertoe dat deze met instemming van de kerkenraden van de gecombineerde gemeenten Noordhorn en Pieterzijl in 1958 eveneens in Den Horn kon worden beroepen. Na zijn vertrek in 1960 werd het secretariaat vervuld door een lid van de kerkenraad. Tien jaar later besloten de leden van de drie gemeenten om alle werkzaamheden samen te voegen. De nieuwe gemeente heet de "Verenigde doopsgezinde gemeente in het Westerkwartier van Groningen". Van elke gemeente gingen twee van de zittende kerkenraadsleden over naar de nieuw te vormen kerkenraad.

In 1890 namen de leden het principebesluit om een orgel in de kerk te plaatsen. Door financiële moeilijkheden kon dit besluit pas in 1900 worden uitgevoerd.

Op regionaal niveau was de gemeente lid van de Humsterlandse Sociëteit. Zij ondertekende in 1772 een verbintenis om elkaar binnen de sociëteit geestelijk en financieel te steunen. In 1825 steunde zij het initatief van haar leraar om te komen tot oprichting van een nieuwe sociëteit voor alle doopsgezinde gemeenten in de provincie Groningen. Na haar totstandkoming in 1826 werd ze meteen lid. De "Humsterlandse Sociëteit", overbodig geworden, werd in 1829 ontbonden. De financiën van de opgeheven sociëteit werden verdeeld onder de aangesloten gemeenten. [NOTE GrA, DgHu, toegangsnummer 362, inv. nr. 47] .

Op landelijk niveau sloot de gemeente zich niet aan bij het Algemeene Emeritaatsfonds van de Algemene Doopsgezinde Societeit (opgericht in 1848). Dit verzuim had tot gevolg, dat Gerrit Bakker tot aan zijn dood toe in 1871 dienst heeft moeten doen. Hij was toen 82 jaar oud. De kwestie van niet-lid zijn van het emeritaatfonds heeft voor de predikanten, die na hem kwamen en doorgaans 3-6 jaar bleven, verder géén grote gevolgen gehad. In 1895 stelde de Algemene Doopsgezinde Societeit haar jaarlijkse bijdrage afhankelijk van toetreding tot het emeritaatsfonds en de effecten van de diaconie moesten inbewaring worden gegeven bij de Nederlandse Bank. De gemeente werd in 1896 lid van het emeritaatsfonds. De oprichting van het Menno-fonds, bedoeld ten behoeve van de verhoging van de traktementen van de predikanten, leidde in 1921 tot de officiële aansluiting bij de Algemene Doopsgezinde Sociëteit (A.D.S.) te Amsterdam.

Geschiedenis van het archief en de verantwoording van de inventarisatie

De archiefbescheiden zijn slechts voor een deel bewaard gebleven. Volgens overlevering is het oudste gedeelte van het archief in de periode 1880-1900 gebruikt bij het aanmaken van de kolenkachel in de kerk.

Verder zijn de archiefbescheiden van de boekhouder van het gemeentefonds uit de periode 1914-1939 door brand bij hem thuis verloren gegaan.

De archiefbescheiden van deze gemeente werden in 1970/71 overgebracht naar het Rijksarchief in Groningen. [NOTE GrA, Archief van de Verenigde doopsgezinde gemeente in het Westerkwartier van Groningen, toegangsnummer 363, notulen van 1970.] Aanvullingen vonden plaats op 31 januari 1978, op 9 maart, 8 en 26 juni en 27 juli 1979 (aanwinstnummer 6). Het archiefmateriaal, dat in 1979 werd overgebracht, was aangetroffen in een houten kist in de kerkenraadskamer in de kerk te Noordhorn. Deze kist, waarop de naam van S.K. de Waard [NOTE De Waard was secretaris van 1884-1892 en daarna voorzitter tot 1906] was geschilderd, bevatte naast archivalia ook een groot aantal publicaties van doopsgezinde signatuur. Deze zijn geplaatst bij de afdeling documentatie van het archief van Sociëteit van Doopsgezinde gemeenten in Groningen, Drenthe en Oost-Friesland. Daaraan werden in 1989 (aanwinstnummer 44) archiefbescheiden van de Jongerenkring Noordhorn-Den Horn toegevoegd.

De overgedragen archiefbescheiden werden geordend, geschoond en geïnventariseerd in 1989/'90. De vermenging van de archiefbescheiden, ontstaan bij de samenvoeging van de drie gemeenten, is ongedaan gemaakt.

Bij de inventarisatie is gebruik gemaakt van de richtlijnen voor het beheer van de archieven van de Doopsgezinde Broederschap in Nederland, uitgegeven in 1988 door de Commissie tot de Archieven van de Algemene Doopsgezinde Sociëteit (A.D.S.) te Amsterdam.

De inleiding werd in mei 2006 herschreven en aan de archivalia werd toegevoegd een preek van Eye Clasen uit 1797, die gedrukt werd te Groningen in 1799 (aanwinstnummer 2005 nr. 84).

Bij de inventarisatie van het archief van de Verenigde Doopsgezinde gemeente in het Westerkwartier van Groningen (rechtsopvolger) werden archiefbescheiden van de gemeente Den Horn aangetroffen. (zie aanwinstnrs. 2007 097 en 171). Deze archiefbescheiden zijn in 2007 ingevoegd en toegevoegd zijn de nummers 74, 75.

Openbaarheid

Voor raadpleging van archiefbescheiden jonger dan 30 jaar is schriftelijke toestemming vereist van de eigenaar (rechtsopvolger): de "Verenigde doopsgezinde gemeente in het Westerkwartier van Groningen".

Lijst van vermaners, leraren en predikanten

Gemeente van Groninger Oude Vlamingen, vergaderende te Gaaikemaweer:

Tiete Popkes,1725 verkozen tot vermaner, 1733 tot Oudste (bij de Societeit der Groninger Oude Vlamingen en in 1762 tot Algemeen Opziener, 1770 overleden [NOTE GrA, SGOV, toegangsnr. 358, inv.nr. 1]

Gemeente der Vlamingen te Homsterland, na 1776 Humsterland, na 1838 Noordhorn:

Jan Wilemsz, verkozen 1727 [NOTE Naamlyst der Remonstransche professoren en predikanten, benevens die der Doopsgezinden, in en buiten de Vereenigde Nederlanden....., 1731 - 1810, Amsteldam, Schooneveld]

Wilem Albertsz, verkozen 1730 [NOTE ibidem]

Herm. Derks, verkozen 1746 - 1755, emeritus [NOTE ibidem]

Barteld Willems, 1756 verkozen [NOTE ibidem] , aanwezig op de vergadering van de Humsterlandse Sociëteit, 7 juni 1773 [NOTE GrA, Archief van de Humsterlandse Sociëteit, toegangsnr. 943, inv.nr. 1] , overleden in 1794

Geert Jansz, 1756 verkozen [NOTE Naamlijst, zie voetnoot 17]

Jakob Willems, 1780 verkozen [NOTE ibidem]

Eije Klaassen (Eye Clasen), 1780 verkozen [NOTE ibidem] , overleden 28 november 1808 op ter Horn onder Oldehove [NOTE GrA, Archief van de Burgerlijke Stand Ezinge, toegangsnummer 1631, akten van huwelijken 1815, aktenr. 3, bijlage 10]

Jacobus Bosch, proponent 1814, intrededienst 4 september 1814, overleden 10 juni 1816 te Noordhorn.

Gerrit Bakker, 1811 proponent, intrededienst 8 maart 1818 gekomen van Oldeboorn, overleden 28 februari 1871 te Noordhorn.

Jetze Pottinga Hzn.,1871 proponent, intrededienst 26 november 1871, afscheidsdienst 1 februari 1874 vertrokken naar Hindelopen (Fr.)

Cornelis Leendertz., 1866 proponent, intrededienst 23 mei 1875, gekomen van Zwartsluis (Ov.), afscheidsdienst 24 november1878, vertrokken naar Middelstum.

Hendrik van Calcar, 1863 proponent, intrededienst 15 augustus1880, gekomen van Veenwouden (Fr.), afscheidsdienst 10 oktober 1886, vertrokkken naar Noord- en Zuid-Zijpe (NH.)

Sybrand Feike van der Ploeg, 1880 proponent, intrededienst 18 december 1887, gekomen van Drachten en Ureterp (Fr.), afscheidsdienst 16 juni 1889, vertrokken naar Pieterzijl.

Mark Leonard Hartog, 1889 proponent, intrededienst 9 februari 1890, gekomen van Utrecht, afscheidsdienst 15 maart 1891, vertrokken naar Joure (Fr.)

Egbertus Marius ten Cate, 1893 proponent, intrededienst 21 februari 1894, afscheidsdienst 29 november 1896, vertrokken naar Monnikendam (NH.)

Arnoldus de Jong, 1898 proponent, intrededienst 13 november 1898, afscheidsdienst 13 november 1910, vertrokken naar Hindelopen en Koudum (Fr.)

Rein Douwes Boersma, 1906 proponent, intrededienst 1 december 1912, gekomen van Terschelling, afscheidsdienst 19 november 1922, vertrokken naar Bovenknijpe (Fr.)

Mw. Fransina Tieks Koening, 1935 proponent, intrededienst 2 augustus 1936, gekomen van Ameland, 17 mei 1942 afscheid genomen van de gemeente. Zij ging op 24 juni 1943 over naar de Hervormde Kerk.

Johannes Hendrik Rawie, 1942 proponent, intrededienst 20 september 1942, afscheidsdienst 20 augustus 1945, vertrokken naar Nederlands-Indië als legerpredikant.

Sibold Sicco Smeding, *1894, 1944 proponent, intrededienst 1 februari 1946, gekomen van Ouddorp (ZH.), beroepen in de gecombineerde gemeenten Noordhorn en "Pieterzijl te Grijpskerk", in 1958 tevens beroepen te Den Horn, afscheidsdienst 30 oktober 1960 vertrokken naar Rotvalle-Witveen (Fr.), overleden 16 juli 1970 te Roden [NOTE Doopsgezind Jaarboekje 1971, blz. 17-20: in memoriam] .

Bart Couperus, 1961 proponent, intrededienst 9 april 1961 in de drie gecombineerde gemeenten, afscheidsdienst 1 juni 1966, vertrokken naar 's-Gravenhage (ZH.)

Mw. Hilda Alida Schiere-Leyns, 1948 proponent, intrededienst 11 februari 1968, gekomen van Surhuisterveen (Fr.), beroepen in de drie gecombineerde gemeenten tot 31 december 1968, daarna met ingang van 1 januari 1969 in dienst van de drie gefuseerde gemeenten, afscheidsdienst 26 november 1978 in verband met emeritaat, overleden 22 februari 1979 te Zuidhorn.

Keywords

Subjects:
Religie en Levensbeschouwing

Record creator

Humsterland, doopsgezinde gemeente, 1725 - 1838

Noordhorn, doopsgezinde gemeente, 1838 - 1968

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You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers). This filter will only include materials with "Full dates", i.e. those that include date information available for date-based searches. You can either search for a specific date of interest or focus step by step on the time span of a century, decade, year or month. When searching for a specific date, enter the date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01/01/1900 for 1 January 1900, via the calendar function or by typing directly in the text field.
This filter concentrates on the latest dates mentioned in the materials.

You can filter results based on the language in which the material is written. Please note that this filter will only include materials where specific language information has been provided by the institution and is therefore in a machine-readable format. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.



You can filter results by selecting one or more topics of interest. Please note that this filter will only include materials where the topic has been assigned and is therefore in a machine-readable format. Read how to assign a topic to documents on the Topics page. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.



You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the archival description:

  • The name can be the full name of a person, family or organisation as well as only parts of it, e.g. only the last name.
  • The identifier is used internally by the institution or refers to (inter)national vocabularies such as the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF).
  • The place can be the place of birth (or foundation), the place of death (or closing), the place of work or any other place of importance.
  • The occupation is the profession or job of a person
  • The mandate is a law, directive or charter that establishes and defines an organisation's powers, functions, responsibilities or sphere of activities.
  • The function is an activity, role, or purpose performed or manifested by a person, family or organisation

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by type of entities:

  • Person (e.g., John Locke or Jean Jaques Rousseau)
  • Family (e.g., the family Bonaparte)
  • Corporate body (an institution, organisation, or company, e.g. the "Ministerie van Justitie")
You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the language in which the material is written. Please note that this filter will only include materials where specific language information has been provided by the institution and is therefore in a machine-readable format. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the type of holding institution. Please note that this filter will only include institutions, for which a type has been provided as part of their descriptions.

  • A business archive holds the records of (often) commercial organisations.
  • A church or religious archive holds the records of church parishes or religious organisations, e.g. birth or death registers.
  • A county or local authority archive holds the records of the county's administrative bodies.
  • A media archive holds audiovisual or sound records, e.g. a film archive or the archive of a broadcasting company.
  • A municipal archive holds the records of a town or city administration.
  • A national archive holds the records of a country's administrative bodies, i.e. from ministries and other public bodies, sometimes also private papers of former ministers, chancellors, or presidents.
  • A private person or family archive holds the records forming the legacy of a prominent person or family.
  • A regional archive holds the records of a region's administrative bodies.
  • A specialised governmental archive holds records of public bodies, often operating on a national level, that are not part of the national archives' holdings.
  • A specialised non-governmental archive or archive of another cultural heritage institution hold collections from various cultural heritage institutions, eg. museum archives, libraries archives, etc
  • A university archive or archive of another research organisation holds the records pertaining to the administration of the according educational or research body.
  • Political parties, popular/labour movements and other non-governmental organisations, associations, agencies and foundations hold the archival collections of these institutions, outside of governmental records and outside of business archives (e.g., NGOs)

Write your message in your own language and use this drop-down menu to have your message translated into English or in the language of the institution for a swifter response. By checking this box and selecting a language you will send your original message along with the translated version

What kind of suggestion would you like to make?

  • Assign to topic: assign this record to one of our Topics. Topics are created following the Unesco Thesaurus
  • Suggest translation: If you have translated this archival description or the documents themselves, please send it to us as a .doc or .pdf file
  • Connect to another resource: If this object relates to another resource in Archives Portal Europe, or anywhere else on the web (e.g., an article on Wikipedia), you can suggest it to be linked to this resource
  • Other: If you have any other relevant material, such as a transcription of the document, please upload it and let us know here

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Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, No Derivates (BY-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object, even commercially, as long as no alteration is made to the object and you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

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This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial (BY-NC) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike (BY-NC-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and as long as you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivates (BY-NC-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object for non-commercial use only, as long as no alteration is made to the object and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

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