Return to search

Archief Josephus Carel Franciscus (Jef) Last

1913-1972 (-1988) 1913-1972 Reference: ARCH00799

View context

The Netherlands
Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis

Finding aid sub-groups

Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis
( Cruquiusweg 31 , 1019 AT Amsterdam , Nederland )
Finding aid is in Dutch
Overzicht collectie

Scope and content

Inhoud

Fotokopieën van brieven van Last aan zijn vrouw, geschreven vanuit Spanje 1936, aantekeningen betreffende het literaire klimaat in Nederland en de opkomst van het blad Links Richten. [Ca. 1930], knipsels over het Nederlandse communisme 1921-1923, stukken betreffende beschuldigingen van De Waarheid en Roel Walraven dat Last eerst uit Spanje en later uit Indonesië was gezet 1967-1968.

Brieven van Last aan zijn vrouw Ida vanuit Moskou 1932 en tijdens zijn rondreis door de Sowjet-Unie 1936, dagboek bijgehouden tijdens zijn rondreis met André Gide door de Sovjet-Unie 1936, tekst van toespraak Last over Gide 1936, fotokopieën van de correspondentie tussen Last en Gide 1934-1950, brieven van Last aan zijn vrouw en kinderen vanuit Indonesië 1953, brief Harry Schulze-Wilde betreffende Harry Domela 1965, verklaring van oud-redacteuren dat Last gedurende vele jaren voor het tijdschrift De Vlam werkte 1967.

Fotokopieën van het manuscript 'Het Socialisme als weg tot God'. Z.j.

Fotokopieën van de passages in Les Cahiers de la Petite Dame over Gide door Maria Van Rysselberghe betreffende Jef Last en Harry Domela. Z.j.

Persoonlijke documenten zowel los als in plakboeken 1913-1968; correspondentie (voornamelijk fotocopieën) 1927-1969; krantenknipsels zowel losse als in plakboeken van artikelen geschreven door en over J. Last 1926-1988; typoscripten; overige documenten.

Record creators history

Biografie

Jef Last geboren 2 mei 1898 in Den Haag; na zijn eindexamen HBS ging hij als arbeider in de Limburgse mijnen werken; lid van de SDAP in 1917; begon in 1918 met een tolkenstudie Chinees in Leiden; trouwde met Ida ter Haar in 1923; kreeg in 1924 een functie als leider van de Filmdienst van het Instituut voor Arbeidersontwikkeling (IvAO); werd bestuurslid van de Revolutionair Socialistische Partij (RSP) in 1930; bleef literair actief en was een van de oprichters van het blad Links Richten; bezocht voor de eerste keer de Sovjet-Unie in 1931 en ging zijn sympathie steeds meer richting CPH; na zijn tweede reis naar de Sovjet-Unie in 1932 werd hij daadwerkelijk lid van de CPH; reisde met de Franse schrijver André Gide in 1936 naar de Sovjet-Unie; beiden keerden een illusie armer naar huis terug; bezocht in 1937 Spanje waar hij als kapitein van de Internationale Brigade aan de zijde van de Republiek stond; tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog behoorde Last tot de redactie van het illegale blad De Vonk; begin jaren vijftig verbleef Last enkele jaren in Indonesië en in 1958 promoveerde hij aan de universiteit van Hamburg tot doctor in de Chinese taal en wijsbegeerte; de laatste keer dat Last opzien baarde was toen hij in 1966 op de Provo-lijst voor de gemeenteraadsverkiezingen van Amsterdam ging staan; hij overleed op 15 februari 1972.

Archival history

Geschiedenis archiefbeheer

De in de plaatsingslijst opgenomen stukken zijn op verschillende momenten en door verschillende personen overgedragen aan het Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis ( IISG ) te Amsterdam.
Ook bij het Letterkundig Museum te Den Haag bevindt zich archief van Jef Last , vooral met betrekking tot zijn literaire activiteiten.

Processing information

Bewerking

Plaatsingslijst gemaakt door Bouwe Hijma in 1999-2008

Conditions governing access

Raadpleging

Vrij

Preferred citation

Aanbevolen citeerwijze

Archief Josephus Carel Franciscus (Jef) Last , inventory number ..., International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam

Extent

1 m. meter

Other descriptive information

Levensloop

Jef Last werd op 2 mei 1898 geboren in Den Haag. Na zijn eindexamen HBS in 1916 vertrok Last naar Zuid-Limburg om er als arbeider te gaan werken in de pas geopende staatsmijn Emma . In 1917 werd hij lid van de Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiders Partij ( SDAP ). In 1918 begon Last met de studie Chinees in Leiden. Hij werd lid van het studentencorps en medewerker en redacteur van het corpsblad Virtus Concordia Fides . Na deze studie monsterde hij aan als matroos bij de koopvaardij. In 1923 trouwde hij met Ida ter Haar , dochter van een kamerlid voor de Christelijk Historische Unie (CHU) . In de loop van 1924 kreeg Last een functie als leider van de Filmdienst van het Instituut voor Arbeidersontwikkeling ( IvAO ). Last kreeg steeds meer sympathie voor de linkse oppositie binnen de SDAP .
Zo werkte hij geregeld mee aan het Links Socialistisch Weekblad De Socialist . Begin 1930 werd Last lid en in 1931 bestuurslid van de Revolutionair Socialistische Partij (RSP) .
Last zette zijn literaire activiteiten ondertussen ook voort en behoorde tot de initiatiefnemers van het ` Revolutionaire Schrijverskollektief Links Richten ', dat het blad Links Richten uitgaf. In het burgerlijke blad Den Gulden Winckel voerde hij een polemiek. De partijpolitiek bleef voor een individualist als Last te zeer een keurslijf en dit leidde in november 1931 tot zijn royement uit de RSP. Last kreeg een uitnodiging om voortaan te publiceren in De Tribune , het dagblad van de Communistische Partij Holland (CPH) . Op 2 november 1931 reisde Last af voor zijn eerste, veertiendaagse, reis door de Sovjet-Unie. Lid van de CPH werd hij vooralsnog niet. In maart 1932 vertrok Last voor de tweede maal naar de Sovjet-Unie. Hoewel hij eerst van plan was in de Sovjet-Unie in een fabriek te gaan werken, ging hij daar uiteindelijk negen maanden werken voor de Internationale Vereeniging van Revolutionaire Schrijvers (IVRS) . Pas na terugkeer naar Nederland zette hij de stap om lid van de CPH te worden. In de jaren waarin hij lid van de CPH was, zou hij overigens geen partijpolitieke functie vervullen.
In de zomer van 1933 verscheen Last 's boek Het Stalen Fundament. Reportages over 2.500 k.m. zwerftochten door de Oeral, de eerste uitgave van de Boekengemeenschap der Vrienden van de Sovjet-Unie en het verslag van een reis van zes weken met een `Internationale Schrijversbrigade' door de Sovjet-Unie.
Het verschijnen van Het Stalen Fundament vormde de aanleiding voor een felle polemiek met J.W. Matthijsen , de hoofdredacteur van het sociaal-democratische dagblad Het Volk , die in de zomer van 1932 ook een reis door de Sovjet-Unie had gemaakt en daarvan op aanmerkelijk kritischer toon verslag had gedaan. Vanuit Moskou werkte Last mee aan de samenstelling van de eerste nummers van Links Richten .
In 1935 begon Last een kritischer toon ten aanzien van de Sovjet-Unie aan te slaan. Een andere gebeurtenis in dat jaar die Last 's leven grondig zou beïnvloeden, was zijn deelname aan het door de Association des Ecrivains et Artistes Révolutionnaires in Parijs georganiseerde bijeenkomst, waar hij de man ontmoette met wie hij zich tot diens dood in 1951 verbonden voelde, de Franse schrijver André Gide .
Gide nodigde Last uit hem zomer 1936 op een reis naar de Sovjet-Unie te vergezellen. Voor hen beiden draaide de reis op een teleurstelling uit. De onafhankelijke geest van Gide doorzag de manipulaties van zijn gastheren en ook Last begon een kritischer houding aan te nemen tegenover de Sovjet-Unie. Begin november 1936 verscheen Gide 's Retour de l'U.R.S.S.. In 1966 keek Last terug op deze jaren in Mijn vriend André Gide .
In 1937 bezocht Last Spanje, waar hij als kapitein in de Internationale Brigade aan de zijde van de Republiek stond. Maar ook daar viel zijn bijdrage verkeerd en moest Last in oktober 1937 voor een krijgsraad verschijnen op beschuldiging van trotskistische sympathieën. Maar Last werd vrijgesproken. In februari 1938 zegde Last zijn lidmaatschap van de CPH op en in het voorjaar verscheen De Spaanse Tragedie, zijn reisverslag uit Spanje dat voornamelijk bestond uit brieven aan zijn vrouw Ida.
Last had definitief afscheid genomen van het communisme. In zijn latere jaren zou Last politiek geëngageerd blijven maar niet meer partijpolitiek. In de Tweede Wereldoorlog was Last oprichter en redacteur van het illegale blad De Vonk .
In de jaren vijftig hield Last zich intensief met Azië bezig. Zo verbleef hij van 1950 tot 1954 op uitnodiging van de Indonesische regering in Indonesië. In 1958 promoveerde Last aan de Universiteit van Hamburg tot doctor in de Chinese taal en wijsbegeerte. In 1966 baarde Last enig opzien toen hij uit onvrede over burgemeester Van Hall , weliswaar op een onverkiesbare plaats, bereid was op de Provo -lijst voor de gemeenteraadsverkiezingen van Amsterdam te staan. De laatste jaren van zijn leven woonde Last in het Rosa Spierhuis in Laren. Hij overleed op 15 februari 1972 in Laren.
De inleiding is gebaseerd op de doctoraalscriptie ` Jef Last 1933-1938. Een schrijver in de communistische partij' door Machteld Kroonder . Amsterdam, 1990 en op de `Studiezaalmap Jef Last ' op het IISG .

Keywords

Onderwerpen

Subjects:
Communist movements and parties
Press/Journalism
Geographic names:
Netherlands
Genre of the material:

Archival material
Personal names: Jef Last
Corporate names: IISG Letterkundig Museum
Personal names: Jef Last Last Last Ida ter Haar Last Last Last Last Last Last Last Last Last J.W. Matthijsen Last Last Last André Gide Gide Last Gide Last Gide Last André Gide Last Last Last Last Last Last Last Vonk Last Last Last Van Hall Last Jef Last Machteld Kroonder Jef Last
Corporate names: Emma Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiders Partij SDAP Virtus Concordia Fides Christelijk Historische Unie (CHU) Instituut voor Arbeidersontwikkeling IvAO SDAP Links Socialistisch Weekblad De Socialist Revolutionair Socialistische Partij (RSP) Revolutionaire Schrijverskollektief Links Richten Links Richten Den Gulden Winckel De Tribune Communistische Partij Holland (CPH) Internationale Vereeniging van Revolutionaire Schrijvers (IVRS) Nederland Het Volk Links Richten Association des Ecrivains et Artistes Révolutionnaires Provo IISG

Language of the material

Dutch

Record creator


Creator:

Last, Josephus Carel Franciscus (Jef)

Content provider

Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis

( Cruquiusweg 31 , 1019 AT Amsterdam , Nederland )

Rate this content

Was this content helpful? Let Archives Portal Europe and the archival institution know what you think.

Add feedback

Contact this institution

Feedback is sent directly to the institution holding this material and should preferably be submitted in English or in the language of the institution, if possible. The institution will aim at getting back to you as soon as possible to help you with your request, though you might need to allow between two and four weeks for this depending on the current workload at the institution.

Not all required fields have been filled in.

Full name*

Your full name is required

Email address*

Your email address is required

Your message*

A message is required

Archives Portal Europe help guide

Please select amongst the relevant tips we can help with. If you still have questions, please do not hesitate to contact us, and we will be in touch as soon as possible.

Starting your search here will include all content available in Archives Portal Europe. Simply enter your keyword(s) and hit the search button. Wrap fixed expressions in quotation marks, e.g. “French Revolution”. Check the box to “Search each term separately” in case you are looking for documents containing at least one word, but not necessarily all keywords; this will also allow you to search for the same term in multiple languages at the same time (e.g. “French Revolution” “Révolution Française”). You can also use wildcards - find more about Research Tools here. If you would like to use more specific settings, try our Advanced search

The additional advanced search options give you the possibility to focus your search in:

  • archival documents (Search in archives),
  • names of person and organisations that created, worked with and maintained these documents (Search in names),
  • Institutions currently holding the documents (Search in institutions).

When searching with multiple terms at the same time, wrap fixed expressions in quotation marks (e.g. "French Revolution"), or check the box "Search each term separately" in case you are looking for either one term of the other. This will also allow you to search for the same term in multiple languages (e.g. "French Revolution" "Révolution française"). You can also choose one of the suggestions matching your search term once you start typing.

This will only show results that include documents that have been digitised and are available online

Use this option to search only one or more keywords, rather than all of them

Select where your search terms should appear specifically inside the archival description:

  • Title: search terms will appear in the title, or name, of the description
  • Content Summary: search terms will appear in the main description of the document or of the collection
  • Reference code: it is the identifier of the archival material as provided by the institution. Use this option if you know the exact reference code of the material you are looking for

You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the archival description:

  • The name can be the full name of a person, family or organisation as well as only parts of it, e.g. only the last name.
  • The identifier is used internally by the institution or refers to (inter)national vocabularies such as the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF).
  • The place can be the place of birth (or foundation), the place of death (or closing), the place of work or any other place of importance.
  • The occupation is the profession or job of a person.
  • The mandate is a law, directive or charter that establishes and defines an organisation's powers, functions, responsibilities or sphere of activities.
  • The function is an activity, role, or purpose performed or manifested by a person, family or organisation.

You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the description of the archive:

  • Name: search term appears in the name of the institution. It can be the full name of an archival institution or only parts of it.
  • Place: search term appears in the address or area of the institution. It can be the city or town, where the archival institution is located or any other place of importance (e.g. previous locations)

  • A finding aid is a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds, up to item level.
  • A holdings guide is an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.
  • A source guide is a topic-oriented overview of collections and fonds of one or several institutions.
    You can filter by one or more entity types:
  • A person (e.g. John Locke, or Jean Jaques Rousseau);
  • A family (e.g. Bonaparte, or Helgason);
  • A corporate body, i.e. the name of an institution, organisation, or company (e.g. Ministerie van Justitie, or Electro Mecánica Antonio Armentano)

Please note that this filter will only include institutions, for which a type has been provided as part of their descriptions:

  • A business archive holds the records of (often) commercial organisations.
  • A church or religious archive holds the records of church parishes or religious organisations, e.g. birth or death registers.
  • A county or local authority archive holds the records of the county's administrative bodies.
  • A media archive holds audiovisual or sound records, e.g. a film archive or the archive of a broadcasting company.
  • A municipal archive holds the records of a town or city administration.
  • A national archive holds the records of a country's administrative bodies, i.e. from ministries and other public bodies, sometimes also private papers of former ministers, chancellors, or presidents.
  • A private person or family archive holds the records forming the legacy of a prominent person or family.
  • A regional archive holds the records of a region's administrative bodies.
  • A specialised governmental archive holds records of public bodies, often operating on a national level, that are not part of the national archives' holdings.
  • A specialised non-governmental archive or archive of another cultural heritage institution hold collections from various cultural heritage institutions, eg. museum archives, libraries archives, etc
  • A university archive or archive of another research organisation holds the records pertaining to the administration of the according educational or research body.
  • Political parties, popular/labour movements and other non-governmental organisations, associations, agencies and foundations hold the archival collections of these institutions, outside of governmental records and outside of business archives (e.g., NGOs)

Enter a start and/or end date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01-01-1900 for 1 January 1900. This will allow you to focus your search on a specific period of time. You can use the calendar function or type directly in the text field. The checkbox "Exact date search" concentrates the search on one specific date.

Check "View in context" to view the results in the hierarchical structure of archives.

  • Choose "List view" to view the results in a simple list, ordered according to relevance or date
  • Choose "Context view" to view the results in the hierarchical structure of the holding archives.

For more details see Research Tools

Please sign in to save your searches.

A holdings guide is an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.

A finding aid is a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds up to item level.

You can filter results by selecting one or more countries of interest. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by one or more holding archival institutions. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can select to view results from a specific Finding Aid, i.e., a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds up to item level. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter by type of descriptive document:

  • "Holdings Guide": an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.
  • "Source guide": a topic-oriented overview of collections and fonds of one or several institutions. a description of the archival collections available. Similar to Holdings guides
  • "Finding aid" provides more detailed descriptions of the archival materials of specific collections or fonds

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by selecting "Fonds description" for a general overview or "Other descriptions" for item level. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by selecting only those containing digital objects, i.e. the link to the digitised version of the archival material you are looking for. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by type of digital object you are interested in:

  • Text: most documental material, such as administrative records, letters, manuscripts etc.
  • Image: includes photographs, posters, maps.
  • Sound: sound recording with no images
  • Video: moving images with or without sound
  • Unspecified: indicates that the holding institution has not specified the type of digital object
  • 3D: 3-d digital objects

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers)

  • Full dates includes normalised date information available for date-based searches. It is recommended to combine this selection with the filters "Start timespan" and "End timespan" for more details.
  • Only descriptive dates provides the date information in human-readable format.
  • No date either includes documents where the creation date is unknown, or where date information is not in a machine-readable format

Please note that not all documents contain a machine-readable date. More information here

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers). This filter will only include materials with "Full dates", i.e. those that include date information available for date-based searches. You can either search for a specific date of interest or focus step by step on the time span of a century, decade, year or month. When searching for a specific date, enter the date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01/01/1900 for 1 January 1900, via the calendar function or by typing directly in the text field.
This filter concentrates on the earliest dates mentioned in the materials.

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers). This filter will only include materials with "Full dates", i.e. those that include date information available for date-based searches. You can either search for a specific date of interest or focus step by step on the time span of a century, decade, year or month. When searching for a specific date, enter the date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01/01/1900 for 1 January 1900, via the calendar function or by typing directly in the text field.
This filter concentrates on the latest dates mentioned in the materials.

You can filter results based on the language in which the material is written. Please note that this filter will only include materials where specific language information has been provided by the institution and is therefore in a machine-readable format. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.



You can filter results by selecting one or more topics of interest. Please note that this filter will only include materials where the topic has been assigned and is therefore in a machine-readable format. Read how to assign a topic to documents on the Topics page. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.



You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the archival description:

  • The name can be the full name of a person, family or organisation as well as only parts of it, e.g. only the last name.
  • The identifier is used internally by the institution or refers to (inter)national vocabularies such as the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF).
  • The place can be the place of birth (or foundation), the place of death (or closing), the place of work or any other place of importance.
  • The occupation is the profession or job of a person
  • The mandate is a law, directive or charter that establishes and defines an organisation's powers, functions, responsibilities or sphere of activities.
  • The function is an activity, role, or purpose performed or manifested by a person, family or organisation

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by type of entities:

  • Person (e.g., John Locke or Jean Jaques Rousseau)
  • Family (e.g., the family Bonaparte)
  • Corporate body (an institution, organisation, or company, e.g. the "Ministerie van Justitie")
You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the language in which the material is written. Please note that this filter will only include materials where specific language information has been provided by the institution and is therefore in a machine-readable format. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the type of holding institution. Please note that this filter will only include institutions, for which a type has been provided as part of their descriptions.

  • A business archive holds the records of (often) commercial organisations.
  • A church or religious archive holds the records of church parishes or religious organisations, e.g. birth or death registers.
  • A county or local authority archive holds the records of the county's administrative bodies.
  • A media archive holds audiovisual or sound records, e.g. a film archive or the archive of a broadcasting company.
  • A municipal archive holds the records of a town or city administration.
  • A national archive holds the records of a country's administrative bodies, i.e. from ministries and other public bodies, sometimes also private papers of former ministers, chancellors, or presidents.
  • A private person or family archive holds the records forming the legacy of a prominent person or family.
  • A regional archive holds the records of a region's administrative bodies.
  • A specialised governmental archive holds records of public bodies, often operating on a national level, that are not part of the national archives' holdings.
  • A specialised non-governmental archive or archive of another cultural heritage institution hold collections from various cultural heritage institutions, eg. museum archives, libraries archives, etc
  • A university archive or archive of another research organisation holds the records pertaining to the administration of the according educational or research body.
  • Political parties, popular/labour movements and other non-governmental organisations, associations, agencies and foundations hold the archival collections of these institutions, outside of governmental records and outside of business archives (e.g., NGOs)

Write your message in your own language and use this drop-down menu to have your message translated into English or in the language of the institution for a swifter response. By checking this box and selecting a language you will send your original message along with the translated version

What kind of suggestion would you like to make?

  • Assign to topic: assign this record to one of our Topics. Topics are created following the Unesco Thesaurus
  • Suggest translation: If you have translated this archival description or the documents themselves, please send it to us as a .doc or .pdf file
  • Connect to another resource: If this object relates to another resource in Archives Portal Europe, or anywhere else on the web (e.g., an article on Wikipedia), you can suggest it to be linked to this resource
  • Other: If you have any other relevant material, such as a transcription of the document, please upload it and let us know here

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for Attribution Creative Commons Licence

This object is not or no longer protected by copyright and has been labelled with the Public Domain Mark. It can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication. All possible existing rights in the content are waived, and the object can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution (BY) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object, even commercially, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for Attribution Creative Commons Share Alike Licence

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NoDerivs

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NonCommercial

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, No Derivates (BY-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object, even commercially, as long as no alteration is made to the object and you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial (BY-NC) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike (BY-NC-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and as long as you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivates (BY-NC-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object for non-commercial use only, as long as no alteration is made to the object and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

Return to search Make a suggestion Contact this institution