Return to search

Archives Charles William Daniel Company

(1815-) 1906-1992 1906-1992 Reference: ARCH00279

View context

The Netherlands
Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis

Finding aid sub-groups

International Institute of Social History
( Cruquiusweg 31 , 1019 AT Amsterdam , The Netherlands )
Finding aid is in English
Collection Summary

Scope and content

Content

Correspondence with authors including Michael Fraenkel, 1938-1956, Alfred Haffenden 1932-1938, Stephen and Rosa Hobhouse 1933-1962, Richard Lee 1929-1939, Josiah Oldfield 1928-1936, Joseph P. Swan 1936-1939, Leo Tolstoj 1906-1907, Helen Trevelyan 1934-1936, G.T. Wrench 1938-1954 and many others; minutes book of general meetings 1935-1972; articles of partnership 1922; cash books, ledgers, accounts and other financial documents 1911-1974; authors sales statements 1924-1972; notebooks 1911-1972; manuscripts (typescripts) by Mary Everest Boole, Vladimir G. Čertkov, Hendrik W. Dunnewolt, Petar J. Stankovic and William Watson; typescripts of translations of works by Leo Tolstoj; proofs 1907-1968; a file on court cases against Charles W. Daniel in 1917-1918; clippings. Papers of Denise M. Waltham: correspondence with Ian and Jane Miller 1972-1987 and others 1916-1987; other documents (1815-) 1934-1988; Papers of others: documents of Jeremy Goring and of some other persons (1865-) 1907-1992.

Record creators history

Historical Note

Founded in 1902, the company was named after its owner, Charles William Daniel, who determined its character to a very large degree; Daniel was born in Islington, London 1871; went to work at thirteen after his father died; held a job in the Walter Scott Publishing Company in the late 1890s, whose publications included the works of Lev Tolstoj, which greatly influenced him; started the C.W. Daniel Company Ltd. with the purpose of further propagating the ideas of the Russian writer; visited Tolstoj at Jasnaja Poljana in 1909; founder and editor of the magazine The Crank in 1904, later renamed The Open Road, a forum for Tolstojans, anarchists, pacifists and health food promoters; married Florence E. Worland in 1905; participated in anti-war propaganda in the First World War; condemned and imprisoned for the publication of pacifist pamphlets; the company published the works of authors like Mary Everest Boole, Michael Fraenkel, Emma Goldman, Stephen and Rosa Hobhouse, Søren A. Kierkegaard, H. Valentine Knaggs, S.S. Koteliansky, D.H. Lawrence, José Ortega y Gasset, W.T. Symons and many others; he also published the periodicals The Healthy Life and Purpose, a literary journal in the 1930s; in 1941 the offices of the publishing house were blasted in an air raid and the firm was evacuated to Ashingdon in Essex, where Charles Daniel died in 1955; the company was continued by Denise Waltham until it was sold in 1971; Daniel was the author of `Instead of Socialism' based on the ideas of P.J. Proudhon and Henry George (c. 1909) and the editor of `An Indictment of War', an anthology from the works of more than two hundred great thinkers (1919).

Processing information

Processing Information

Inventory made by Tiny de Boer in 1994 and 2005.

Conditions governing access

Access

Not restricted

Preferred citation

Preferred Citation

Archives Charles William Daniel Company , inventory number ..., International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam

Extent

5.02 m. meter

Other descriptive information

Introduction

The C.W. Daniel Company Ltd. was founded in 1902 in Cursitor Street, London. The company published books, pamphlets and journals and from 1908 it also had a bookshop. The company was named after its founder and owner Charles William Daniel , born in Islington, London, on 24 April 1871. He was an anarchist and pacifist and a supporter of vegetarianism. From the late 1890s he had worked at the Walter Scott Publishing Company, whose publications included works of Leo Tolstoy, which greatly influenced Charles Daniel . He started his own publishing company with the purpose of further propagating the ideas of Tolstoy and these publications became his principal stock in trade. He obtained the agency of the Free Age Press Publications of Tolstoy's works. The editor of the Free Age Press was Vladimir G. Tchertkoff, who was Tolstoy's only literary representative outside Russia. In 1909 Charles Daniel visited Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana, Russia. Besides Tolstoy's works he published books on health by Valentine Knaggs , books on child psychology and education by Mary Everest Boole , Eleanor Cobham and other educational pioneers, books on vegetarianism by Ernest Savage, who later changed his name into Edgar J. Saxon , and books on many other subjects as long as these did not oppose his beliefs. Charles Daniel was a pioneer of the cheap paperbacks. A series of paperbacks for the price of one penny, called 'People's Classics', 'printed to place in the hands of the masses, at the cheapest price, the richest thoughts of the world's greatest thinkers', containing the works of Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau, Emerson, Francis Bacon and Lao Tze, were the company's speciality. Other cheap paperback series were 'Christian Mystics' and 'Pearls from the Poets'.
Charles Daniel met Florence Worland at the London Tolstoyan Society, who was one of the visitors of the meetings. Although often critical of Tolstoy's teachings, she nevertheless collaborated with Charles Daniel in writing a book about the Tolstoyan Society. They married in 1905 and went to live at Downham, near Wickford, Essex.
In 1904 Charles Daniel founded and edited the monthly periodical The Crank , later re-named The Open Road , a forum for Tolstoyans, anarchists, pacifists and health food promoters, which existed until 1913 when publication was ceased. In 1908 Charles Daniel opened a book shop in Amen Corner.
Here he first met Edgar J. Saxon, who as author and editor worked together with him for nearly half a century. Saxon was also the editor of Daniel's magazine The Healthy Life , later renamed Health and Life, which was devoted to nature cure and food reform. From 1913 Denise M. Waltham worked as the main colleague of Charles Daniel . She shared the same opinions on vegetarianism, anarchism and pacifism as Charles Daniel .
After 1914 wartime restrictions reduced the flow of books. But at the same time the war gave a stimulus to Daniel's publishing activities. It gave him and his fellow Tolstoyans a cause to fight for. Being above military age himself, his contribution to the anti-war effort took the form of pacifist propaganda. In 1916 he published a pamphlet calling for the end of the 'cruel and ruinous war', for which he was condemned and sent to prison at Wormwood Scrubs, and in 1919 he was imprisoned again during three months for publishing a novel dealing with homosexuality and conscientious objection. Besides publishing Charles Daniel also wrote the book 'Instead of Socialism', which was based on the ideas of Proudhon and on the 'single tax' theories of Henry George (c. 1909) and he edited 'An Indictment of War', an anthology from the works of over two hundred great thinkers (1919). From the 1920s The C.W. Daniel Company published works of various authors like Alfred Adler , Emma Goldman , Stephen and Rosa Hobhouse , Soren Kierkegaard , S.S. Koteliansky , D.H. Lawrence , José Ortega y Gasset , Nelly Shaw , W.T. Symons , Anton Tchekov and many others. A monthly magazine Focus on matters of health, wealth and life was published in the 1920s and edited by Florence Daniel-Worland , but ceased after her death in 1927. Charles Daniel wrote in this magazine under the pseudonyms 'The Odd Man' and 'John Marlow'. Towards the end of 1928 the Company took a house in Bernard street, Bloomsbury, and there the quarterly Purpose was launched in January 1929 in succession to Focus. Founder and editor was W.T. Symons , a close friend of Charles Daniel and later director of The C.W. Daniel Company. Religion, philosophy, psychology, science, art and sociology came within the orbit of Purpose and among its contributors were V.A. Demant , Philippe Mairet , Maurice B. Reckitt , Henry Miller , Dorothy Richardson , A.M. Ludovici , Lord Northbourne and Neil Montgomery . In 1934 Charles Daniel revived the monthly periodical The Healthy Life , which appeared as Health and Life under the editorship of Edgar J. Saxon . The magazine was published by the company until the end of 1950 when it was sold. The new proprietors continued it under the same editorship. Regular features included articles on nature cure and food reform.
After Desmond Hawkins joined the editorial board in 1935 as literary editor Purpose became a literary journal of the first rank and the contributors consisted of the literary avant-garde of the 1930s, including W.H. Auden , T.S. Eliot , Elizabeth Bowen , Stephen Spender , Hugh GordonPorteous , RaynerHeppenstall , Dylan Thomas and E.K. Barlow . The publication of Purpose ceased in July 1940. In 1936 The C.W. Daniel Company Ltd. had moved to premises in Great Russell Street, which included a small shop and made possible a window display of books.
After 1939, when paper and labour shortage during the war made publishing conditions difficult, it was decided to limit the Company's output of new books to those on nature cure, food reform, soil regeneration and kindred subjects, including the non-exploitation of animals. Among them were books by M. Bircher-Benner, a Swiss doctor whose dietary ideas have since become world-renowned and the writings of Edward Bach , a physician who discovered 'flower remedies' as a treatment. When in 1941 the publishing offices in Great Russell Street were blasted by an air raid, the business was evacuated to Ashingdon in Essex. When peace came in 1945 Charles Daniel , at 74, was too old to start again. He did not want to return to London and stayed in Ashingdon, where he went on publishing a few books, until he died on 15 January 1955 at Rochford, Essex, at the age of 85. (From: 'A Tribute to the Memory of Charles William Daniel ' by Denise M. Waltham and from: 'The Centenary of a 'Crank' Publisher' by Jeremy Goring , inv.nos. 107-108, 189-190).
Denise Waltham continued the company until it was sold in 1973 to Ian and Jane Miller , who continued the C.W. Daniel Company at Muswell Road in London. Almost until the end of her life she gave help and advise to the new directors of the C.W. Daniel Company. Denise Waltham died in 1990 at Ashingdon, Essex, at the age of 93.

ARCHIVE

The archive was received by the IISH in 1992. Series of correspondence were mainly found in numbered and 'carded' parcels. These parcels were split up and arranged into an alphabetical and chronological series of correspondence, which consist of correspondence with authors and publishers, mainly covering a number of years and also containing agreements with authors, outlines of manuscripts, reviews, photographs, clippings, notes and some correspondence concerning authors.
An amount of earlier correspondence and other documents might have been lost at the bombing of the premises in 1941 during the Second World War, as happened with many manuscripts of Charles Daniel on his impressions of life in Russia (From: 'A Tribute to the Memory of Charles William Daniel ' by Denise Waltham ).
The archive contains many financial registers of which, except for the ledgers, no official bookkeeping terms were given. These registers have been arranged according to the superscriptions, although it was not always completely clear, where the registers were used for.
The 'Tolstoy'-manuscripts mainly consist of English translations. Some typed 'Tolstoy'-manuscripts in Russian without subscription are to be found in inv.no. 111 and 117, and typed manuscripts with the typed subscription of Tolstoy are to be found in inv.no. 120 and 124. These could be original manuscripts by Tolstoy, although this is not certain. The years of the translations of the 'Tolstoy'-manuscripts are unknown, therefore the chronology has been based on the original dates on the manuscripts. Because several of these manuscripts were in a very poor condition photocopies have been made and added to the manuscripts.
Some personal papers of the shareholders of The C.W. Daniel Company Ltd: Charles W. Daniel and Denise M. Waltham and a few papers of relatives are to be found in the annex of the inventory and this also includes papers of R.E. Way , of which the connection with the archive is not clear.
In addition to the archive the IISH also received books of The C.W. Daniel Company which have been transferred to the library of the IISH and can be found by using the collection code "C.W.Daniel". Pamphlets on Charles Daniel and Florence Daniel-Worland and some other books and periodicals that had not been separated earlier from the archive, have now been transferred to the library; photographs of Leo Tolstoy and Denise Waltham and a poster have been transferred to the audiovisual department of the IISH.

Keywords

Subjects

Subjects:
Anarchist movements
Culture, media and arts
Pacifism/Peace movements
Geographic names:
United Kingdom
Personal names:Fraenkel, Michael Haffenden, Alfred Hobhouse, Stephen and Rosa Lee, Richard Oldfield, Josiah Swan, Joseph P. Tolstoj, Leo Trevelyan, Helen Waltham, Denise M. Wrench, G.T.
Genre of the material:

Archival material
Personal names: Charles William Daniel Charles Daniel Charles Daniel Knaggs Mary Everest Boole Edgar J. Saxon Charles Daniel Charles Daniel Florence Worland Charles Daniel Charles Daniel Charles Daniel Denise M. Waltham Charles Daniel Charles Daniel Charles Daniel Proudhon Henry George Alfred Adler Emma Goldman Rosa Hobhouse Kierkegaard S.S. Koteliansky D.H. Lawrence José Ortega y Gasset Nelly Shaw W.T. Symons Anton Tchekov Florence Daniel-Worland Charles Daniel W.T. Symons Charles Daniel V.A. Demant Philippe Mairet Maurice B. Reckitt Henry Miller Dorothy Richardson A.M. Ludovici Lord Northbourne Montgomery Charles Daniel Edgar J. Saxon W.H. Auden T.S. Eliot Elizabeth Bowen Stephen Spender Hugh Gordon Porteous Rayner Heppenstall Dylan Thomas E.K. Barlow Edward Bach Charles Daniel Charles William Daniel Denise M. Waltham Jeremy Goring Denise Waltham Jane Miller Denise Waltham
Corporate names: C.W. Daniel Company Ltd. The Crank The Open Road The Healthy Life Health and Life, Purpose Purpose The Healthy Life Purpose Purpose
Personal names: Charles Daniel Charles William Daniel Denise Waltham Charles W. Daniel Denise M. Waltham R.E. Way Charles Daniel Florence Daniel-Worland Leo Tolstoy Denise Waltham

Language of the material

English

Record creator


Creator:

Charles William Daniel Company

Content provider

International Institute of Social History

( Cruquiusweg 31 , 1019 AT Amsterdam , The Netherlands )

Rate this content

Was this content helpful? Let Archives Portal Europe and the archival institution know what you think.

Add feedback

Contact this institution

Feedback is sent directly to the institution holding this material and should preferably be submitted in English or in the language of the institution, if possible. The institution will aim at getting back to you as soon as possible to help you with your request, though you might need to allow between two and four weeks for this depending on the current workload at the institution.

Not all required fields have been filled in.

Full name*

Your full name is required

Email address*

Your email address is required

Your message*

A message is required

Archives Portal Europe help guide

Please select amongst the relevant tips we can help with. If you still have questions, please do not hesitate to contact us, and we will be in touch as soon as possible.

Starting your search here will include all content available in Archives Portal Europe. Simply enter your keyword(s) and hit the search button. Wrap fixed expressions in quotation marks, e.g. “French Revolution”. Check the box to “Search each term separately” in case you are looking for documents containing at least one word, but not necessarily all keywords; this will also allow you to search for the same term in multiple languages at the same time (e.g. “French Revolution” “Révolution Française”). You can also use wildcards - find more about Research Tools here. If you would like to use more specific settings, try our Advanced search

The additional advanced search options give you the possibility to focus your search in:

  • archival documents (Search in archives),
  • names of person and organisations that created, worked with and maintained these documents (Search in names),
  • Institutions currently holding the documents (Search in institutions).

When searching with multiple terms at the same time, wrap fixed expressions in quotation marks (e.g. "French Revolution"), or check the box "Search each term separately" in case you are looking for either one term of the other. This will also allow you to search for the same term in multiple languages (e.g. "French Revolution" "Révolution française"). You can also choose one of the suggestions matching your search term once you start typing.

This will only show results that include documents that have been digitised and are available online

Use this option to search only one or more keywords, rather than all of them

Select where your search terms should appear specifically inside the archival description:

  • Title: search terms will appear in the title, or name, of the description
  • Content Summary: search terms will appear in the main description of the document or of the collection
  • Reference code: it is the identifier of the archival material as provided by the institution. Use this option if you know the exact reference code of the material you are looking for

You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the archival description:

  • The name can be the full name of a person, family or organisation as well as only parts of it, e.g. only the last name.
  • The identifier is used internally by the institution or refers to (inter)national vocabularies such as the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF).
  • The place can be the place of birth (or foundation), the place of death (or closing), the place of work or any other place of importance.
  • The occupation is the profession or job of a person.
  • The mandate is a law, directive or charter that establishes and defines an organisation's powers, functions, responsibilities or sphere of activities.
  • The function is an activity, role, or purpose performed or manifested by a person, family or organisation.

You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the description of the archive:

  • Name: search term appears in the name of the institution. It can be the full name of an archival institution or only parts of it.
  • Place: search term appears in the address or area of the institution. It can be the city or town, where the archival institution is located or any other place of importance (e.g. previous locations)

  • A finding aid is a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds, up to item level.
  • A holdings guide is an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.
  • A source guide is a topic-oriented overview of collections and fonds of one or several institutions.
    You can filter by one or more entity types:
  • A person (e.g. John Locke, or Jean Jaques Rousseau);
  • A family (e.g. Bonaparte, or Helgason);
  • A corporate body, i.e. the name of an institution, organisation, or company (e.g. Ministerie van Justitie, or Electro Mecánica Antonio Armentano)

Please note that this filter will only include institutions, for which a type has been provided as part of their descriptions:

  • A business archive holds the records of (often) commercial organisations.
  • A church or religious archive holds the records of church parishes or religious organisations, e.g. birth or death registers.
  • A county or local authority archive holds the records of the county's administrative bodies.
  • A media archive holds audiovisual or sound records, e.g. a film archive or the archive of a broadcasting company.
  • A municipal archive holds the records of a town or city administration.
  • A national archive holds the records of a country's administrative bodies, i.e. from ministries and other public bodies, sometimes also private papers of former ministers, chancellors, or presidents.
  • A private person or family archive holds the records forming the legacy of a prominent person or family.
  • A regional archive holds the records of a region's administrative bodies.
  • A specialised governmental archive holds records of public bodies, often operating on a national level, that are not part of the national archives' holdings.
  • A specialised non-governmental archive or archive of another cultural heritage institution hold collections from various cultural heritage institutions, eg. museum archives, libraries archives, etc
  • A university archive or archive of another research organisation holds the records pertaining to the administration of the according educational or research body.
  • Political parties, popular/labour movements and other non-governmental organisations, associations, agencies and foundations hold the archival collections of these institutions, outside of governmental records and outside of business archives (e.g., NGOs)

Enter a start and/or end date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01-01-1900 for 1 January 1900. This will allow you to focus your search on a specific period of time. You can use the calendar function or type directly in the text field. The checkbox "Exact date search" concentrates the search on one specific date.

Check "View in context" to view the results in the hierarchical structure of archives.

  • Choose "List view" to view the results in a simple list, ordered according to relevance or date
  • Choose "Context view" to view the results in the hierarchical structure of the holding archives.

For more details see Research Tools

Please sign in to save your searches.

A holdings guide is an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.

A finding aid is a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds up to item level.

You can filter results by selecting one or more countries of interest. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by one or more holding archival institutions. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can select to view results from a specific Finding Aid, i.e., a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds up to item level. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter by type of descriptive document:

  • "Holdings Guide": an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.
  • "Source guide": a topic-oriented overview of collections and fonds of one or several institutions. a description of the archival collections available. Similar to Holdings guides
  • "Finding aid" provides more detailed descriptions of the archival materials of specific collections or fonds

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by selecting "Fonds description" for a general overview or "Other descriptions" for item level. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by selecting only those containing digital objects, i.e. the link to the digitised version of the archival material you are looking for. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by type of digital object you are interested in:

  • Text: most documental material, such as administrative records, letters, manuscripts etc.
  • Image: includes photographs, posters, maps.
  • Sound: sound recording with no images
  • Video: moving images with or without sound
  • Unspecified: indicates that the holding institution has not specified the type of digital object
  • 3D: 3-d digital objects

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers)

  • Full dates includes normalised date information available for date-based searches. It is recommended to combine this selection with the filters "Start timespan" and "End timespan" for more details.
  • Only descriptive dates provides the date information in human-readable format.
  • No date either includes documents where the creation date is unknown, or where date information is not in a machine-readable format

Please note that not all documents contain a machine-readable date. More information here

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers). This filter will only include materials with "Full dates", i.e. those that include date information available for date-based searches. You can either search for a specific date of interest or focus step by step on the time span of a century, decade, year or month. When searching for a specific date, enter the date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01/01/1900 for 1 January 1900, via the calendar function or by typing directly in the text field.
This filter concentrates on the earliest dates mentioned in the materials.

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers). This filter will only include materials with "Full dates", i.e. those that include date information available for date-based searches. You can either search for a specific date of interest or focus step by step on the time span of a century, decade, year or month. When searching for a specific date, enter the date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01/01/1900 for 1 January 1900, via the calendar function or by typing directly in the text field.
This filter concentrates on the latest dates mentioned in the materials.

You can filter results based on the language in which the material is written. Please note that this filter will only include materials where specific language information has been provided by the institution and is therefore in a machine-readable format. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.



You can filter results by selecting one or more topics of interest. Please note that this filter will only include materials where the topic has been assigned and is therefore in a machine-readable format. Read how to assign a topic to documents on the Topics page. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.



You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the archival description:

  • The name can be the full name of a person, family or organisation as well as only parts of it, e.g. only the last name.
  • The identifier is used internally by the institution or refers to (inter)national vocabularies such as the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF).
  • The place can be the place of birth (or foundation), the place of death (or closing), the place of work or any other place of importance.
  • The occupation is the profession or job of a person
  • The mandate is a law, directive or charter that establishes and defines an organisation's powers, functions, responsibilities or sphere of activities.
  • The function is an activity, role, or purpose performed or manifested by a person, family or organisation

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by type of entities:

  • Person (e.g., John Locke or Jean Jaques Rousseau)
  • Family (e.g., the family Bonaparte)
  • Corporate body (an institution, organisation, or company, e.g. the "Ministerie van Justitie")
You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the language in which the material is written. Please note that this filter will only include materials where specific language information has been provided by the institution and is therefore in a machine-readable format. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the type of holding institution. Please note that this filter will only include institutions, for which a type has been provided as part of their descriptions.

  • A business archive holds the records of (often) commercial organisations.
  • A church or religious archive holds the records of church parishes or religious organisations, e.g. birth or death registers.
  • A county or local authority archive holds the records of the county's administrative bodies.
  • A media archive holds audiovisual or sound records, e.g. a film archive or the archive of a broadcasting company.
  • A municipal archive holds the records of a town or city administration.
  • A national archive holds the records of a country's administrative bodies, i.e. from ministries and other public bodies, sometimes also private papers of former ministers, chancellors, or presidents.
  • A private person or family archive holds the records forming the legacy of a prominent person or family.
  • A regional archive holds the records of a region's administrative bodies.
  • A specialised governmental archive holds records of public bodies, often operating on a national level, that are not part of the national archives' holdings.
  • A specialised non-governmental archive or archive of another cultural heritage institution hold collections from various cultural heritage institutions, eg. museum archives, libraries archives, etc
  • A university archive or archive of another research organisation holds the records pertaining to the administration of the according educational or research body.
  • Political parties, popular/labour movements and other non-governmental organisations, associations, agencies and foundations hold the archival collections of these institutions, outside of governmental records and outside of business archives (e.g., NGOs)

Write your message in your own language and use this drop-down menu to have your message translated into English or in the language of the institution for a swifter response. By checking this box and selecting a language you will send your original message along with the translated version

What kind of suggestion would you like to make?

  • Assign to topic: assign this record to one of our Topics. Topics are created following the Unesco Thesaurus
  • Suggest translation: If you have translated this archival description or the documents themselves, please send it to us as a .doc or .pdf file
  • Connect to another resource: If this object relates to another resource in Archives Portal Europe, or anywhere else on the web (e.g., an article on Wikipedia), you can suggest it to be linked to this resource
  • Other: If you have any other relevant material, such as a transcription of the document, please upload it and let us know here

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for Attribution Creative Commons Licence

This object is not or no longer protected by copyright and has been labelled with the Public Domain Mark. It can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication. All possible existing rights in the content are waived, and the object can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution (BY) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object, even commercially, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for Attribution Creative Commons Share Alike Licence

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NoDerivs

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NonCommercial

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, No Derivates (BY-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object, even commercially, as long as no alteration is made to the object and you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial (BY-NC) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike (BY-NC-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and as long as you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivates (BY-NC-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object for non-commercial use only, as long as no alteration is made to the object and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

Return to search Make a suggestion Contact this institution