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Franziszeischer Kataster

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Österreich
Niederösterreichisches Landesarchiv

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Durch kaiserliches Patent vom 23. Dezember 1817 hatte Franz I. "den Entschluss gefaßt, in Unseren sämmtlichen Deutschen und Italienischen Provinzen ein in seinen Grundsätzen billiges, und in seiner Anwendung festes System der ,,in Ausführung zu bringen." Alle Grundstücke sollten in Zukunft gleichmäßig nach ihrem Reinertrag besteuert werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein exakter Grundkataster, der nach dem Kaiser benannte Franziszeische Kataster angelegt, der erstmals auf der Grundlage einer genauen Landvermessung auf geodätischer Grundlage mittels Triangulierung erstellt wurde. Als kleinste Einheit der Vermessung und Besteuerung dienten die bereits unter Joseph II. geschaffenen Steuergemeinden (Katastralgemeinden), die in der Regel nur eine Ortschaft umfassen sollten. Auf Basis dieser Vermessung, der Eintragung sämtlicher Parzellen und ihrer Besitzer wurden die Kulturgattungen bestimmt und die Reinerträge der Parzellen errechnet (Schätzung des Reinertrages). Da dies die Grundlage für eine gerechte und unveränderliche Besteuerung bilden sollte, spricht man auch vom "Stabilen Kataster".

Der Franziszeische Kataster liegt heute im NÖ Landesarchiv in vier Serien (Kartenwerk, Parzellenprotokolle, Schätzungsoperate, Bezugsbestände), vor, die unterschiedliche Signaturen tragen und getrennt bestellt werden müssen:

Kartenwerk
Das eigentliche Kartenwerk bilden die Mappenblätter. Für jede Katastralgemeinde wurde eine eigene Mappe angelegt, die meist aus mehreren Blättern besteht. Als Abbildungsmaßstab wurde 1: 2880 gewählt, damit entsprach 1 Zoll in der Mappe 40 Klaftern in der Natur, bzw. 1 Quadratzoll auf der Mappe entsprach 1 nö. Joch (= 1600 Quadratklafter). Als Folgemaßstäbe wurden im Hochgebirge 1: 5760 und in Stadtgebieten fallweise 1: 1440 verwendet. Niederösterreich war das erste Kronland, in dem mit den Vermessungen begonnen wurde (1817 bis 1821 und 1824). Die Mappen sind sehr detailreich und genau gezeichnet, beschriftet und koloriert. Da der Kataster aber in erster Linie der Steuererhebung diente, wurde besonders auf die Genauigkeit der Parzellengrenzen und die Kennzeichnung der Kulturgattungen Wert gelegt; die Eintragung von nicht steuerrelevanten Details (z.B. Brunnen oder Pestsäulen auf Marktplätzen) lag im Ermessen der Geometer, fehlen solche Details in den Mappen deutet dies keineswegs auf ihr Fehlen im frühen 19. Jht. hin.

Die Parzellenprotokolle
Zu jeder Katastralmappe werden die sogenannten Parzellenprotokolle aufbewahrt, die, geordnet nach den aus der Mappe ersichtlichen Parzellennummern, Verzeichnisse der Bau- und Grundparzellen, ein alphabetischen Verzeichnis der Grundbesitzer und eine Grenzbeschreibung der Katastralgemeinde enthalten. Leider ist in den nö Parzellenprotokollen die grundherrschaftliche Zugehörigkeit der Parzellen nicht angegeben.

Die Schätzungsoperate
(im NÖ Landesarchiv meist nur als Operate bezeichnet)
Zur Vornahme der Schätzungsarbeiten zur Bestimmung des Reinertrages wurde für jedes Viertel ein der NÖ Regierung unterstellter Katastral-Schätzungsinspektor eingesetzt, dem in lokalen Schätzungsdistrikten je ein Schätzungskommissär unterstand. Diese hatten die von den einzelnen Steuergemeinden zu benennenden Ausschüsse zu kontrollieren, die sich aus dem Gemeindevorstand und sechs Vertrauensmännern zusammensetzten.
Für die Forstwirtschaft wurden eigene Waldschätzungskommissäre bestimmt.
Als Vorbereitung der eigentlichen Schätzung hatten die lokalen Ausschüsse einen für alle Katastralgemeinden gleichlautenden, vorgedruckten 53seitigen Fragebogen auszufüllen, der den Kommissär einen ersten Eindrück über die Bodenbeschaffenheit, die Wirtschaftsführung und sonstige lokale Gegebenheiten
vermitteln sollte.
Als Grundvoraussetzung für die Schätzung wurde der gesamte ertragsfähige Boden in Kulturgattungen eingeteilt, wobei man Äcker, Wiesen, Gärten, Weingärten, Hutweiden, Wälder, Teiche, Seen, Sümpfe, gemischte Kulturen (z.B. Wiesen mit Obstbäumen) und Wechselkulturen unterschied. Jede Kulturgattung wurde in mehrere Klassen gestuft - je nach dem aus ihr zu erzielenden Ertrag (Klassifikation). Die einzelnen Parzellen wurden vor Ort durch die Ausschüsse der Gemeinde unter Leitung des Schätzungskommissärs "klassiert", das heißt der jeweiligen Kulturgattung und Klasse eingereiht. Als Richtlinie für die Ertragshöhe war eine gemeindeübliche, mit durchschnittlichem Aufwand betriebene Bewirtschaftung in einem Jahr durchschnittlicher Fruchtbarkeit anzunehmen (höherer Ertrag durch aufwendigere Bewirtschaftung oder geringerer Ertrag infolge Vernachlässigung war nicht zu berücksichtigen). Für die Berechnung des Reinertrags für jede Gattung und Klasse wurden pro Gemeinde Mustergründe bestimmt, nach denen der Schätzungskommissär unter Mithilfe des Gemeindeausschusses den durchschnittlichen Brutto-Ertrag pro Joch für jede Klasse ermittelte und in Geldwert umrechnete. Von diesem Bruttoertrag wurde der durchschnittliche "Kulturaufwand" abgezogen: dafür wurde alles, was zur Erzielung des Ertrages in einem Jahr nötig war, wie Geräte, Dünger, Samen, Kosten für Gesinde (Kleidung, Nahrung, …) etc., ebenfalls in Geldwert umgerechnet. Als Grundlage für die Berechnungen mussten die Preise für das Jahr 1824 herangezogen werden, als jenes Jahr mit den niedrigsten Preisen im Zeitraum von 1775 bis 1825. Das Ergebnis war dann der Reinertrag pro Joch (für jede Klasse einer jeden Gattung), der die Grundlage für die Berechnung der Grundsteuer bildete.
Gegen die Ergebnisse der Vermessung und Katastralschätzung konnte reklamiert werden, die Reklamationen wurden im Instanzenzug (von der untersten Steuerbehörde bis zur Hofkanzlei) entschieden, und erst danach die Reinertragstarife endgültig auf die entsprechenden Parzellen angewendet.
Die Arbeit der Schätzungskommissionen begann zuerst in Niederösterreich 1826 (auf Grundlage der Katasterschätzungsinstruktion vom 29. April dieses Jahres). Die Ergebnisse des Stabilen Katasters (der Vermessung und Schätzung) traten ebenfalls zuerst in Niederösterreich in Kraft, und zwar mit der Grundsteuerrepartition vom 1. November 1834.

All diese geschilderten Vorgänge bildet den Inhalt der Schätzungsoperate. Damit zählen sie zu den wertvollsten, umfangreichsten und - da das ganze Land erfasst wurde - zu den vollständigsten sozialgeschichtlichen Quellen des 19.Jhts. Leider hat der Bestand durch frühere unsachgemäße Lagerung Schaden genommen, sodass heute für ca. 1/3 der Katastralgemeinden die Operate fehlen.

Bezugsbestände:
* NÖ Regierung HS 85 / 1 - 33 Franziszeischer Kataster der Provinz NÖ
* Departement S der NÖ Regierung: "Grundsteuersachen" (1818-1846)


Literatur:

Karl Lego, Geschichte des Österreichischen Grundkatasters. Wien 1968 (zu den Operaten v.a. Seite 40f.).

Robert Messner, Der Franziszeische Grundsteuerkataster. In: JB des Vereines für Geschichte der Stadt Wien
28 (1972) 62 - 130. 29 (1972) 88 - 141 (zu den Operaten v.a. Seite 136f). 30 (1974/75) 125 - 176.

Hauptsächlich über die Operate:
Roman Sandgruber, Der Franziszeische Kataster als Quelle für die Wirtschaftsgeschichte und historische Volkskunde, NÖLA 3, 1979, 16-28.

Kataster und Operate am Beispiel Niederfellabrunn:
Ernst Marquart, Grundlagen für eine umwelthistorische Bearbeitung des Franziszeischen Katasters. Wien, Phil. Diplomarbeit 2006 (NÖ Landesarchiv, StA HS 1309).

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