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Kriegsgräberfürsorge

2003 - 1923 Reference: [NOELA]ANÖLR KGFS View in original presentation

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Österreich
Niederösterreichisches Landesarchiv

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Archival history

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Umfang: 93 Kartons

Provenienz:
1923 - 1925: NÖ Landesregierung, übertragener Wirkungsbereich, Abteilung Kriegsgräberevidenz
1925 - 1935: Amt der NÖ Landesregierung, Landesamt für Evidenzangelegenheiten (einschließlich Kriegsgräberevidenz und -fürsorge)
1936 - 1938: Landeshauptmannschaft NÖ, Gruppe Evidenzangelegenheiten (einschließlich Kriegsgräberevidenz und -fürsorge)
1939 - 1940: Landeshauptmannschaft Niederdonau, Landesamt für Evidenzangelegenheiten (einschließlich Kriegsgräberevidenz und -fürsorge)
1940 - 1945: Der Reichsstatthalter in Niederdonau, Dezernat Ia-7
1945 - 1950: Amt der NÖ Landesregierung, Landesamt II/4 K
1950 - 1960: Amt der NÖ Landesregierung, Landesamt I/4 K
1960 - 1996: Amt der NÖ Landesregierung, Landesamt I/3 K
ab 1.11.1996: Amt der NÖ Landesregierung, Landesamt, Abteilung IVW2 K

Bestandsschwerpunkte:
Kriegsgräber, Kriegstote, Kriegerdenkmäler, Erster und Zweiter Weltkrieg, Zivilinternierte, Kriegsgefangene, Soldaten, Flüchtlinge, Sowjets, Rote Armee, Spenden, Umbettungen

Rechtsgrundlagen:
-) Bundesgesetzblatt Nr. 403, Bundesgesetz vom 30. Juni 1922, betreffend die Einsetzung einer Bundeskommission für Kriegsgräberfürsorge und sonstiges Kriegsverlustwesen. Da Österreich im Friedensvertrag von St. Germain 1920 zur Kriegsgräberfürsorge verpflichtet worden war, bestand die Hauptaufgabe dieser Kommission darin, die für die entsprechenden Agenden dringlichen Arbeiten voranzutreiben. Sie sorgte auch für die Mitwirkung des Vereines des "Schwarzen Kreuzes" und hatte vierteljährlich an den Nationalrat über den Fortgang der Arbeiten zu berichten.
-) Bundesgesetzblatt Nr. 257, Bundesgesetz vom 2. Juli 1925, betreffend die Beanspruchung von Grundeigentum für die Kriegsgräberfürsorge. Dieses Gesetz verpflichtet alle Eigentümer eines Grundstückes, auf dem Kriegergräber lagen, diese Gräber dauernd zu belassen und alle Vorkehrungen zu dulden, die der Instandhaltung der Gräber dienten. Es definierte Kriegergräber als "Gräber aller nach dem 1. August 1914 im Bundesgebiete beerdigten Personen, die im Zeitpunkte des Todes entweder Angehörige der bewaffneten Macht der ehemaligen österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie, eines ihr im Weltkriege verbündeten oder eines feindlichen Staates waren oder zum Gefolge einer dieser Streitkräfte gehörten." Die Bestimmungen des Gesetzes galten auch für Gräber von Kriegsgefangenen, Zivilinternierten und "Kriegsbeschädigten", die bis zum Abschluss des Friedensvertrages von St. Germain am 16. Juli 1920 im Bundesgebiet verstorben waren. Flüchtlinge und durch Selbstmord zu Tode Gekommene galten dagegen nicht als "Kriegstote" im Sinne der damaligen Kriegsgräberfürsorge.
-) Gesetzblatt für das Land Österreich, 1432. Kundmachung des Reichskommissars für die Wiedervereinigung Österreichs mit dem Deutschen Reich, wodurch die Verordnung über die Einführung des Kriegsgräberfürsorgerechts in der Ostmark und im Reichsgau Sudetenland vom 10. November 1939 bekanntgemacht wird. Diese Kundmachung verordnete die Einführung des Gesetzes über die Erhaltung der Kriegergräber aus dem Weltkrieg vom 29. Dezember 1922 (Reichsgesetzblatt 1923 I S. 25) und der Verordnung über die Erhaltung der Kriegergräber aus dem Weltkrieg vom 31. Dezember 1922 (Reichsministerialblatt 1923 S. 9).
-) Bundesgesetzblatt Nr. 175, Bundesgesetz vom 7. Juli 1948 über die Fürsorge für Kriegsgräber aus dem ersten und zweiten Weltkrieg. Mit diesem Gesetz verpflichtet sich der Bund, die Kriegsgräber des Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieges dauernd zu erhalten.
-) Bundesgesetzblatt Nr. 176, Bundesgesetz vom 7. Juli 1948 über die Fürsorge und den Schutz der Kriegsgräber und Kriegsdenkmäler aus dem zweiten Weltkrieg für Angehörige der Alliierten, Vereinten Nationen und für Opfer des Kampfes um ein freies, demokratisches Österreich und Opfer politischer Verfolgung. Mit diesem Gesetz wurde die Fürsorge auch auf Gräber all jener Personen ausgeweitet, die im Kampf um ein freies und demokratisches Österreich gefallen oder als Opfer politischer Verfolgung, als Kriegsgefangene, Zivilinternierte, Zwangsarbeiter, Häftlinge von Konzentrationslagern oder Gefängnissen gestorben waren und im Gebiet der Republik Österreich beerdigt sind. Ferner wurde bestimmt, dass öffentliche Denkmäler zu Ehren dieser Personenkreise Denkmäler im Sinne des Denkmalschutzgesetzes (BGBl. Nr. 533/1923) sind.
-) Bundesgesetzblatt Nr. 152, Staatsvertrag betreffend die Wiederherstellung eines unabhängigen und demokratischen Österreich. Im Artikel 19 verpflichtet sich Österreich, die auf österreichischem Gebiet befindlichen Gräber von Soldaten, Kriegsgefangenen und zwangsweise nach Österreich gebrachten Staatsangehörigen von Nationen, die sich mit Deutschland im Kriegszustand befanden, zu erhalten; "desgleichen die Gedenksteine und Embleme dieser Gräber sowie Denkmäler, die dem militärischen Ruhm der Armeen gewidmet sind, die auf österreichischem Staatsgebiet gegen Hitler-Deutschland gekämpft haben."

Bestandsgeschichte:
Das Kriegsgräberreferat bei der NÖ Landesregierung wurde am 15. Februar 1923 geschaffen. Die Kriegsgräberevidenz war und ist eine Angelegenheit der mittelbaren Bundesverwaltung. Im Jahr 1950 hatte die Kriegsgräberfürsorge des Landes etwa 65.000 Kriegergräber zu betreuen. Davon stammten 20.000 aus dem Ersten Weltkrieg; die meisten Opfer kamen aus den großen Kriegsgefangenenlagern, wie etwa Wieselburg, Sigmundsherberg und anderen. Ungefähr 45.000 Kriegsgräber rührten aus dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Insgesamt soll es 1950 in Niederösterreich etwa 1000 Friedhöfe für Opfer beider Weltkriege gegeben haben.
Die Akten der Kriegsgräberfürsorge gelangten in zwei Tranchen in das NÖ Landesarchiv. Die erste Tranche wurde in den 1980er Jahren übernommen; Anstoß dafür dürfte die damals abgeschlossene Exhumierung und Überführung deutscher Weltkriegsteilnehmer in die vier Sammelfriedhöfe in den jeweiligen Landesvierteln gewesen sein. Diese Friedhöfe werden vom "Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge e.V." betreut und befinden sich in Oberwölbling (Bezirk St. Pölten), Retz (Bezirk Hollabrunn), Allentsteig (Bezirk Zwettl) und Blumau-Neurißhof (Bezirk Baden). Die zweite Tranche an Akten wurde dem Archiv 2008 übergeben.

Bestandsbeschreibung:
Der Bestand ist alphabetisch nach jenen Ortschaften, in denen sich "Kriegsgräber" (zur Definition siehe oben "Rechtsgrundlagen") befanden oder immer noch befinden, geordnet. Er bezieht sich auf Kriegstote und Kriegsgräber aus dem Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieg, enthält Informationen über Erinnerungszeichen an diese Kriege und gliedert sich in fünf Kategorien von Kriegsgräberakten. Die weitaus umfangreichste Kategorie betrifft deutsche Anlagen, gefolgt von sowjetischen und national nicht differenzierten Kriegsgräberanlagen, einigen wenigen jüdischen Kriegsgräbern (Baden, Hofamt Priel, Hofstetten, Hohenau an der March, Hollabrunn, Horn, Mistelbach, Tulln, Wiener Neustadt) und zwei Anlagen mit KZ-Opfern (Amstetten, Melk).
Bezüglich des Ersten Weltkrieges finden sich in den Akten häufig auch Materialien über die in den einzelnen Gemeinden errichteten Kriegerdenkmäler (oft auch mit Fotos oder Zeichnungen). Bezüglich des Zweiten Weltkrieges enthalten die Archivalien u.a. auch Unterlagen über sowjetische Denkmäler zu Ehren der Roten Armee (teilweise mit Skizzen).
In den Akten finden sich vielfach Namen von bestatteten Kriegstoten, detaillierte Informationen über Umbettungen, manchmal auch Listen über Todesursachen mit Geburts-, Todes- und Bestattungsdaten, Skizzen über die Lage der Kriegergräber im jeweiligen Friedhof, Berichte über den Lokalaugenschein zum Zustand der Gräber. Für die Zeit nach dem Zusammenbruch der NS-Herrschaft sind mitunter auch Namen verstorbener Flüchtlinge und Vertriebener vermerkt, ferner Aufzeichnungen über Spenden für Kriegsgräber.
Größere Aktenbestände bezüglich sowjetischer Kriegstoter wurden dagegen noch nicht an das NÖ Landesarchiv abgetreten. Sie befinden sich noch in der zuständigen Abteilung der NÖ Landesverwaltung.

Zitat:
NÖ Landesarchiv (NÖLA), Amt der NÖ Landesregierung (ANÖLR), Kriegsgräberfürsorge, Gemeinde, Dokument mit Datum.

Literatur:
Kriegsgräberfürsorge, in: Amtliche Nachrichten der niederösterreichischen Landesregierung (30. 9. 1950), S. 159 - 160.
Peter Sixl, Sowjetische Kriegsgräber in Österreich. Graz [u.a.] 2005 (Veröffentlichungen des Ludwig-Boltzmann-Instituts für Kriegsfolgen-Forschung /Verein zur Förderung der Forschung von Folgen nach Konflikten und Kriegen, Sonderband 6).
Joachim Weninger/Heinz Arnberger, Sowjetische Kriegsgräberanlagen, in: Heinz Arnberger/Claudia Kuretsidis-Haider (Hg.), Gedenken und Mahnen in Niederösterreich. Erinnerungszeichen zu Widerstand, Verfolgung, Exil und Befreiung 1934-1945 (im Erscheinen).

Stefan Eminger, Bruno Rupp

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This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike (BY-NC-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and as long as you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivates (BY-NC-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object for non-commercial use only, as long as no alteration is made to the object and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

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