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Patronato Real

834 / 1851. Observaciones en las fechas: Predomina 1476-1598. Reference: ES-47161-AGS-UD-13789

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España
Archivo General de Simancas

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Scope and content

El carácter de colección documental de Patronato Real y su especial naturaleza y significación harán de ella el fondo más rico del Archivo en cuanto a tipología documental se refiere. En ella se dan cita los más diversos tipos porque múltiples fueron sus productores y distinta la naturaleza del negocio jurídico.

La concentración de los documentos más antiguos y solemnes con homogeneidad temática, derechos de la Corona, contribuye a ampliar esta tipología. Destaca, igualmente, frente a otras secciones del Archivo el predominio, dada la naturaleza del fondo, de unidades documentales aisladas, simples, no constitutivas de expediente.

Por su dispersión en distintas series y concentrarse aquí el mayor número, sobresalen las Bulas y Breves, hecho obvio dado el carácter del derecho de patronato. Los Testamentos reales, las Capitulaciones y contratos matrimoniales, igualmente como documentos acreditativos del traspaso de los derechos reales. Los Tratados de paz, Treguas y Capitulaciones políticas entre estados o poderes. Las Credenciales, Instrucciones a embajadores, Poderes o simples Cartas de contenido diplomático. Los privilegios reales de traspaso de derechos o concesión de merced y confirmación a distintas instancias civiles, eclesiásticas y particulares. Las escrituras de Renuncias de poder e Instrucciones dadas por los Reyes en sus ausencias (Carlos V).

Los Libros de juramento o Pleitos-homenaje, bajo formato de libro y con esmerada encuadernación incluyen distintos tipos documentales que constituyen las escrituras o hitos fundamentales del proceso de un juramento real o rendimiento o pleitesía (Cédulas, a distintos poderes, de convocatoria de Cortes, Cartas de Poder, Actas del juramento y homenaje, Despachos a los grandes del Reino, etc.).

Libros de Patrimonio Real. Al igual que los anteriores se incluyen en una unidad, el libro, el conjunto de Escrituras de compra-venta, Autos, Ejecutorias, Escrituras de trueque, que afectan a instituciones o particulares en el proceso de compra o cesión o adquisición por la Corona de un Sirio Real. Acompañan Expedientes de averiguación de rentas, vasallos o Vecindarios.

Finalmente, en relación al tema de Cortes, existen Actas, Ordenamientos, Memoriales de agravios, Cédulas de convocatoria ... etc. No se debe olvidar por su alta significación archivística como proyecto estatal la serie de Libros de copias (33) en los que Diego de Ayala copiaba 'lo perpetuo', aquello que bajo expreso deseo del monarca debía ser incluido por su trascendencia de entre la documentación que acompaña la colección.

El alcance de la colección cara a la investigación es muy rico en varios frentes:

-Política exterior: relaciones con distintos territorios del ámbito peninsular y europeo.

-Relaciones Iglesia-Estado o Papado y Monarquía (Concilios, Reformas monásticas, inquisición, ejercicio del derecho de Patronato, etc.).

-Patrimonio regio y Corte: proceso de constitución de los grandes Sitios Reales.

-Cortes de Castilla y Guerra de las Comunidades.

Record creators history

El fondo documental englobado bajo la denominación de Patronato Real responde al concepto de colección documental. Su origen no obedece al resultado de una gestión institucional sino a la voluntad personal que igualmente determina la unión y relación entre los documentos que la integran.

Pero ésta no es una mera colección de documentos. Su originalidad, su carácter único, deriva de su naturaleza, su origen y su historia (último tercio del siglo XVI). Patronato Real es una propuesta real en su nacimiento (Carlos V) y una obra real en su desarrollo (Felipe II). Su constitución va indisolublemente unida al nacimiento y configuración del Archivo. Trasciende del carácter de colección unificada bajo el común denominador de defensa de los derechos de la Corona para erigirse en el archivo del Rey dentro del Archivo: el núcleo de su poder.

Su organización, ubicación y descripción son realidades sincrónicas, dirigidas y validadas por Felipe II.

En su nacimiento y constitución hay dos hitos fundamentales: uno lo vincula a Carlos V y al nombramiento por este del licenciado Antonio Catalán (1545-1547) como primer responsable de las escrituras depositadas en Simancas. Por orden real debía proceder a la recogida entre los distintos depósitos documentales (Audiencias, Contadurías, Secretarías, Embajadas, Corregimientos, etc.) de la documentación tocante a la Corona Real, Patronato y Patrimonio Real para su custodia en Simancas. A partir de este momento la andadura del Archivo y la historia de la colección correrán paralelas. La sustitución de Catalán, tras su muerte, por el licenciado Briviesca de Muñatones en 1548 no tuvo incidencia en la vida de la colección.

Será a partir de 1561 cuando el proyecto de Patronato Real tome verdadera significación y llegue a su máxima expresión. Su autor será Diego de Ayala, quien, siguiendo instrucciones expresas de Felipe II, establece los principios para la organización, instalación y descripción de la colección a la que da carácter definitivo.

Se puede decir que Patronato Real es obra de Diego de Ayala porque con él se cierra y consuma. Con un criterio bien marcado de documentos tocantes a la Corona y Patrimonio regio selecciona y organiza 'repartiendo por facultades' las escrituras tocantes al estado real. Elabora un ingente número de inventarios con descripción minuciosa de su contenido y todo lo somete al veredicto real quien decide, al fin, qué se incluye y qué se excluye.

En 1574 el trabajo está consumado. Desde entonces hasta el siglo XIX sólo se incorporarán de modo esporádico en las distintas series documentos sueltos que por su excepcional interés son remitidos por los numerosos órganos políticos para integrar la colección.

Fundidos en el proyecto filipino de aislar lo que se considera la garantía de los derechos de la Corona, hay en la colección documentos de muy variada procedencia institucional. La selección se produjo sobre fondos procedentes de múltiples organismos, que operan a nivel de serie.

No obstante, se puede destacar el protagonismo de la Cancillería Castellana como responsable de un importante número de diplomas medievales. Patronato Real concentra la documentación más antigua y, dentro de ésta, la más relevante, en número, a cualquier otro fondo. La Cancillería Vaticana también encuentra en este fondo su expresión más brillante en una amplia colección de Bulas y Breves dispersa en varias series.

El Consejo Real de Castilla, desde fines del siglo XIV y los Consejos de Estado y Cámara desde la época de Carlos V constituyen con notable diferencia al resto el cuadro de productores básicos de la documentación

Archival history

En puridad, la historia de la custodia de la documentación que integra esta colección se remonta al igual que la historia del Archivo, al año 1509 en que Fernando el Católico comisiona al bachiller Diego Salmerón para que recoja, de entre todos los depósitos, aquellos documentos tocantes a la Corona Real y los deposite en la Chancillería de Valladolid. Le sucederá en el cargo el licenciado Francisco Galindo, como 'tenedor de las escrituras tocantes a nuestro Patrimonio Real'. En febrero de 1526 el licenciado Vázquez de Acuña pasará a ser responsables de la guarda de estos documentos.

La actuación de estas tres figuras queda bastante desdibujada y sus proyectos, en gran medida, fallidos, si se los compara con la obra de Catalán y Ayala, sobre todo. Pero de su primera recopilación y custodia se nutre la parte más antigua de las distintas series de Patronato Real. Ingresos significativos hasta el nombramiento en 1545 de Antonio Catalán hay cuatro: en 1540 lo procedente de la Chancillería de Valladolid; en 1543 lo del Castillo de La Mota, de Medina del Campo y 1544 lo remitido por el Monasterio de San Benito, de Valladolid y los fondos indianos. Todas estas remesas contribuyeron a engrosar la futura colección de Patronato.

Un hito importante en la historia del Archivo y por ende de la colección, es la figura de Catalán que realiza una labor sistemática de envío de órdenes reales a distintas instituciones a fin de recabar fondos tocantes a derechos de la Corona.

En 1548, bajo la tutela del licenciado Briviesca de Muñatones tendrán lugar nuevos ingresos, tanto de las Contadurías como de particulares (la nutrida e interesante colección reunida por Francisco de los Cobos en su palacio de Valladolid). Esta última tendrá especial incidencia en la colección de Patronato Real.

El punto de inflexión en las dos historias paralelas de archivo y colección lo realizará Diego de Ayala, verdadero creador de Patronato. Desde 1561, año de su nombramiento hasta 1594 de su muerte, realizó una vasta labor de recuperación documental siguiendo minuciosamente las instituciones filipinas en la línea de las ya marcadas a su predecesor.

La década 1563-1574 es decisiva en la historia de la colección. Ayala procede a su organización con la base documental anterior y la que él incrementa acompañándola de una instalación acorde a las características de una colección única. Habilita una sala denominada 'Patronazgo Real'. Manda construir arquetas de madera adornadas con herrajes, escudos y rótulos indicadores de la documentación que albergan así como alacenas con una separación estricta de las distintas series de la colección. Sincronía perfecta entre organización y ubicación.

Los ingresos más significativos con una repercusión directa en el incremento de Patronato Real tuvieron lugar en 1568 (Bulas de Cruzada, Patronato Real de Granada); 1572 (compras de Sitios Reales, Estado, Cámara, Indias); 1575-1577 (Testamentos, Juramentos, Concilios, etc.). Con la desaparición de Ayala en 1594 y la de Felipe II se puede dar por consumada la obra de Patronato Real.

A lo largo del XVII al hilo de las distintas remesas se incorporarán algunos documentos (Patronato Eclesiástico, Junta General de Reformación, etc.) labor, que, de modo esporádico, continuó hasta el siglo XIX.

Documentos sueltos de excepcional interés para la Corona real (Testamento de Carlos II y Mª Luisa de Saboya, la renuncia de Felipe V a la Corona francesa, Concordato de 1753, etc.) se irán incluyendo a lo largo del siglo XVII. En la 2ª mitad de este siglo la colección será objeto de un gran interés por parte de la monarquía que buscará en ella los antecedentes en que apoyar la política regalista y la defensa del derecho de Regio Patronato, tan debatido entonces. Ello explica las múltiples copias de sus inventarios remitidas a la corte así como parte de sus fondos documentales.

Physical characteristics and technical requirements

Estado de conservación bueno.

Alterna en la misma proporción el papel y el pergamino. El primero en tamaño folio y doble folio. El segundo en una amplísima variedad de tamaños y formatos. Es muy frecuente la presencia de libros con esmeradas encuadernaciones en piel, tafilete, terciopelo, seda, etc, y variados ornamentos.

Estado Conservaci¿n: Bueno

Extent

91 Legajo(s)

Extent

41 Libro(s)

Keywords

Subjects:
Patronato Real

Language of the material

Espa¿ol El castellano, aunque dominante, convive en alterna proporción con el latín. Son frecuentes el inglés, francés, alemán, italiano, ruso, griego e incluso árabe.Como escrituras dominantes destacan la humanística y cortesana. No están ausentes la letra carolina o la letra de albaláes.

Record creator

Archivo General de Simancas (Valladolid, España)

Content provider

Archivo General de Simancas

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Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, No Derivates (BY-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object, even commercially, as long as no alteration is made to the object and you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial (BY-NC) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike (BY-NC-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and as long as you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivates (BY-NC-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object for non-commercial use only, as long as no alteration is made to the object and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

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