Return to search

Lacordaire, Jean-Baptiste Henri

Person | 12 mai 1802 - 21 novembre 1861 Identifier: FRAN_NP_053389
View in original presentation

View context

France
Archives nationales

Date of birth:

12 mai 1802

Date of death:

21 novembre 1861

Alternative names:

Lacordaire, Enrique Domingo

Lacordaire, Henricus Dominicus

Lacordaire, Henri

Lacordaire, Henri-Dominique (1802-1861)

PLACE

Place:

Côte-d'Or

Recey-sur-Ource (Côte-d'Or)

Dijon (Côte-d'Or)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Hauts-de-Seine

Issy-les-Moulineaux (Hauts-de-Seine)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Ille-et-Vilaine

Saint-Malo (Ille-et-Vilaine)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Italie

Rome (Italie)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Meurthe-et-Moselle

Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Rhône

Oullins (Rhône)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Tarn

Sorèze (Tarn)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

Var

Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume (Var)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Place:

abbaye Notre-Dame de Chalais

Voreppe (Isère)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

OCCUPATION

Occupation:

journaliste

Occupation:

religieux

Occupation:

académicien

Date:

2 février 1860 - 21 novembre 1861

Note:

Membre de l'Académie française

BIOGRAPHY

Biography:

Né le 12 mai 1802 à Recey-sur-Ource (Côte-d'Or), Henri-Dominique Lacordaire est le fils de Nicolas Lacordaire, médecin de la marine française pendant la guerre d'indépendance aux États-Unis et d'Anne Dugied, fille d'un avocat au parlement de Bourgogne. Il a trois frères : Théodore Lacordaire, entomologiste, Adrien-Léon, ingénieur des mines de Saint-Étienne et directeur de la Manufacture des Gobelins de 1850 à 1860, et Télèphe, chef d'escadron du 6e Hussard de l'armée française. Orphelin de père à 4 ans, il est élevé par sa mère à Dijon. Il fait ses études au lycée de Dijon. Il étudie ensuite le droit, se destinant à la carrière d'avocat, et se signale par ses qualités d'orateur au sein de la Société d'études de Dijon, un cercle politique et littéraire réunissant la jeunesse royaliste de la ville, où il découvre les théories ultramontaines de Louis de Bonald, Joseph de Maistre, et Félicité de Lamennais. En 1822, il part pour Paris afin d'effectuer son stage d'avocat. Il plaide avec succès à plusieurs reprises en cour d'assises, suscitant l'intérêt du grand avocat libéral Berryer.

À l'issue d'une longue période de doutes et d'interrogations, il se convertit au printemps 1824, et décide d'être prêtre. Grâce au soutien de Mgr de Quélen, archevêque de Paris, qui lui accorde une bourse, et malgré les fortes réticences de sa mère et de ses amis, il entre le 12 mai 1824 au séminaire Saint-Sulpice, à Issy, puis, à partir de 1826, à Paris, où l'enseignement, d'une qualité généralement médiocre, ne convient pas à sa formation antérieure, à son caractère et à ses idées libérales. Ordonné prêtre le 22 septembre 1827 par Mgr de Quélen, il est nommé chapelain d'un couvent de visitandines, et, l'année suivante, second aumônier du lycée Henri-IV. Cette expérience confirme à ses yeux la déchristianisation de la jeunesse française confiée à l'enseignement public, dont lui-même a fait partie. En mai 1830, il est invité par l'abbé Félicité de Lamennais, alors l'un des maîtres à penser de la jeunesse catholique française, dans sa propriété bretonne de la Chênaie (Saint-Malo).

À cette époque, Lacordaire songe à partir aux États-Unis comme missionnaire mais les événements de 1830 le retiennent en France. Avec Lamennais et le jeune vicomte Charles de Montalembert, il choisit de se rallier à la révolution de Juillet, en exigeant l'application intégrale de la Charte de 1830 et le soutien des révolutions étrangères (en Pologne, en Belgique, en Italie). Ils lancent, le 16 octobre 1830, le journal l' Avenir, dont la devise est « Dieu et la liberté ! ». Lacordaire se signale en particulier par des articles demandant la liberté d'expression et la liberté de la presse, la liberté d'enseignement, contre le monopole de l'Université, s'opposant à Montalivet, le ministre de l'Instruction publique et des cultes. Il exige aussi la séparation de l'Église et de l'État. Les rédacteurs de l ’Avenir fondent en décembre 1830 l’Agence générale pour la défense de la liberté religieuse, et, le 9 mai 1831, Lacordaire, Montalembert et de Coux ouvrent une école libre, rue des Beaux-Arts, qui est fermée par la police deux jours plus tard. S'ensuit un procès retentissant devant la Chambre des pairs, où Lacordaire se défend lui-même, mais qui s’achève par la condamnation de cette initiative et la fermeture définitive de l’école. Le journal l’ Avenir est suspendu par ses fondateurs le 15 novembre 1831. Le 30 décembre, Lacordaire, Lamennais et Montalembert, les « pèlerins de la liberté », se rendent à Rome, afin d'en appeler au jugement du pape Grégoire XVI, auquel ils présentent un Mémoire rédigé par Lacordaire. Mais le 15 août 1832, le pape condamne leurs idées par l'encyclique Mirari Vos, notamment les revendications portant sur la liberté de conscience et la liberté de la presse. Lacordaire reprend alors ses fonctions d'aumônier des visitandines et publie le 11 septembre une lettre de soumission au jugement du pape.

En janvier 1833, il rencontre pour la première fois Sophie Swetchine, femme de lettres russe convertie au catholicisme, tenant un salon célèbre à Paris, que fréquentent aussi Montalembert, le comte de Falloux, ou l'abbé Félix Dupanloup. Il développe avec elle une relation à la fois filiale et amicale, à travers une correspondance considérable. En 1835, il fait également la connaissance de la baronne de Prailly avec qui il engage aussi une longue correspondance et dont il devient le directeur de conscience.

En janvier 1834, sur la proposition du jeune Frédéric Ozanam, le fondateur de l'œuvre charitable de la Société de Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, l'abbé Lacordaire commence une série de conférences au collège Stanislas, qui rencontrent un très grand succès, au-delà même des étudiants. En 1835 il prêche pour le Carême à la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, dans le cadre des Conférences de Notre-Dame, spécialement destinées à l'initiation de la jeunesse au christianisme.

En 1837 Lacordaire entre chez les Dominicains, dont il décide de rétablir l'ordre en France. Le maître général des dominicains, le père Ancarani, lui offre l'usage du couvent romain de Sainte-Sabine à Rome, pour établir le premier noviciat des dominicains français. Le 9 avril 1839, Henri Lacordaire prend l'habit dominicain au couvent de la Minerve, à Rome, et reçoit alors le nom de Dominique. Un an plus tard, le 12 avril 1840, après une année de noviciat à La Quercia, près de Viterbe, durant laquelle il écrit sa Vie de saint Dominique, il prononce ses vœux à la Minerve. Il poursuit ensuite ses études de théologie à Sainte-Sabine.

Il rentre en France en 1841 et prêche à Notre-Dame et dans toute la France et fonde plusieurs couvents à Nancy (1843), à Chalais dans l'Isère (1844) et à Paris (1849). En 1848, il se rend à la grotte de la Sainte-Baume et il décide sa restauration. Il rachète le couvent de Saint-Maximin pour y réinstaller les frères prêcheurs ; et avec l’aide de « l'œuvre pour la restauration des lieux saints de Provence » qu'il a fondée, il réinstalle en 1859, les frères dans le monastère de la Sainte-Baume à l'entrée de la grotte ; il fait construire l’hôtellerie dans la plaine pour l'accueil des pèlerins. En 1850, sous la seconde république, la province dominicaine de France est officiellement rétablie, sous la direction du Père Henri-Dominique Lacordaire, élu supérieur provincial.

Lacoordaire soutient avec enthousiasme la révolution de 1848, se rallie au régime républicain, et lance avec Frédéric Ozanam et l'abbé Maret un nouveau journal, l 'Ère nouvelle, où il développe un programme mêlant le catholicisme libéral traditionnel (défense de la liberté de conscience et d'enseignement), et le catholicisme social défendu par Frédéric Ozanam. Opposé à l'élection de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (11 décembre 1848), Lacordaire condamne sans réserve le coup d'État du 2 décembre 1851, qui lui semble une atteinte insupportable à la liberté, et choisit alors de se retirer de la vie publique.

Il se consacre jusqu'à sa mort à l'éducation de la jeunesse, dans le cadre nouveau offert par la loi Falloux. Il accepte, en juillet 1852 la direction du collège Saint-Thomas d'Aquin-Veritas à Oullins près de Lyon, puis celle de l'École militaire de Sorèze, dans le Tarn. En février 1860, il est élu à l'Académie française. Il décède le 21 novembre 1861 à Sorèze, où il est inhumé.


Rate this content

Was this content helpful? Let Archives Portal Europe and the archival institution know what you think.

Add feedback

Contact this institution

Feedback is sent directly to the institution holding this material and should preferably be submitted in English or in the language of the institution, if possible. The institution will aim at getting back to you as soon as possible to help you with your request, though you might need to allow between two and four weeks for this depending on the current workload at the institution.

Not all required fields have been filled in.

Full name*

Your full name is required

Email address*

Your email address is required

Your message*

A message is required

Archives Portal Europe help guide

Please select amongst the relevant tips we can help with. If you still have questions, please do not hesitate to contact us, and we will be in touch as soon as possible.

Starting your search here will include all content available in Archives Portal Europe. Simply enter your keyword(s) and hit the search button. Wrap fixed expressions in quotation marks, e.g. “French Revolution”. Check the box to “Search each term separately” in case you are looking for documents containing at least one word, but not necessarily all keywords; this will also allow you to search for the same term in multiple languages at the same time (e.g. “French Revolution” “Révolution Française”). You can also use wildcards - find more about Research Tools here. If you would like to use more specific settings, try our Advanced search

The additional advanced search options give you the possibility to focus your search in:

  • archival documents (Search in archives),
  • names of person and organisations that created, worked with and maintained these documents (Search in names),
  • Institutions currently holding the documents (Search in institutions).

When searching with multiple terms at the same time, wrap fixed expressions in quotation marks (e.g. "French Revolution"), or check the box "Search each term separately" in case you are looking for either one term of the other. This will also allow you to search for the same term in multiple languages (e.g. "French Revolution" "Révolution française"). You can also choose one of the suggestions matching your search term once you start typing.

This will only show results that include documents that have been digitised and are available online

Use this option to search only one or more keywords, rather than all of them

Select where your search terms should appear specifically inside the archival description:

  • Title: search terms will appear in the title, or name, of the description
  • Content Summary: search terms will appear in the main description of the document or of the collection
  • Reference code: it is the identifier of the archival material as provided by the institution. Use this option if you know the exact reference code of the material you are looking for

You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the archival description:

  • The name can be the full name of a person, family or organisation as well as only parts of it, e.g. only the last name.
  • The identifier is used internally by the institution or refers to (inter)national vocabularies such as the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF).
  • The place can be the place of birth (or foundation), the place of death (or closing), the place of work or any other place of importance.
  • The occupation is the profession or job of a person.
  • The mandate is a law, directive or charter that establishes and defines an organisation's powers, functions, responsibilities or sphere of activities.
  • The function is an activity, role, or purpose performed or manifested by a person, family or organisation.

You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the description of the archive:

  • Name: search term appears in the name of the institution. It can be the full name of an archival institution or only parts of it.
  • Place: search term appears in the address or area of the institution. It can be the city or town, where the archival institution is located or any other place of importance (e.g. previous locations)

  • A finding aid is a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds, up to item level.
  • A holdings guide is an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.
  • A source guide is a topic-oriented overview of collections and fonds of one or several institutions.
    You can filter by one or more entity types:
  • A person (e.g. John Locke, or Jean Jaques Rousseau);
  • A family (e.g. Bonaparte, or Helgason);
  • A corporate body, i.e. the name of an institution, organisation, or company (e.g. Ministerie van Justitie, or Electro Mecánica Antonio Armentano)

Please note that this filter will only include institutions, for which a type has been provided as part of their descriptions:

  • A business archive holds the records of (often) commercial organisations.
  • A church or religious archive holds the records of church parishes or religious organisations, e.g. birth or death registers.
  • A county or local authority archive holds the records of the county's administrative bodies.
  • A media archive holds audiovisual or sound records, e.g. a film archive or the archive of a broadcasting company.
  • A municipal archive holds the records of a town or city administration.
  • A national archive holds the records of a country's administrative bodies, i.e. from ministries and other public bodies, sometimes also private papers of former ministers, chancellors, or presidents.
  • A private person or family archive holds the records forming the legacy of a prominent person or family.
  • A regional archive holds the records of a region's administrative bodies.
  • A specialised governmental archive holds records of public bodies, often operating on a national level, that are not part of the national archives' holdings.
  • A specialised non-governmental archive or archive of another cultural heritage institution hold collections from various cultural heritage institutions, eg. museum archives, libraries archives, etc
  • A university archive or archive of another research organisation holds the records pertaining to the administration of the according educational or research body.
  • Political parties, popular/labour movements and other non-governmental organisations, associations, agencies and foundations hold the archival collections of these institutions, outside of governmental records and outside of business archives (e.g., NGOs)

Enter a start and/or end date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01-01-1900 for 1 January 1900. This will allow you to focus your search on a specific period of time. You can use the calendar function or type directly in the text field. The checkbox "Exact date search" concentrates the search on one specific date.

Check "View in context" to view the results in the hierarchical structure of archives.

  • Choose "List view" to view the results in a simple list, ordered according to relevance or date
  • Choose "Context view" to view the results in the hierarchical structure of the holding archives.

For more details see Research Tools

Please sign in to save your searches.

A holdings guide is an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.

A finding aid is a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds up to item level.

You can filter results by selecting one or more countries of interest. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by one or more holding archival institutions. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can select to view results from a specific Finding Aid, i.e., a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds up to item level. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter by type of descriptive document:

  • "Holdings Guide": an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.
  • "Source guide": a topic-oriented overview of collections and fonds of one or several institutions. a description of the archival collections available. Similar to Holdings guides
  • "Finding aid" provides more detailed descriptions of the archival materials of specific collections or fonds

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by selecting "Fonds description" for a general overview or "Other descriptions" for item level. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by selecting only those containing digital objects, i.e. the link to the digitised version of the archival material you are looking for. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by type of digital object you are interested in:

  • Text: most documental material, such as administrative records, letters, manuscripts etc.
  • Image: includes photographs, posters, maps.
  • Sound: sound recording with no images
  • Video: moving images with or without sound
  • Unspecified: indicates that the holding institution has not specified the type of digital object
  • 3D: 3-d digital objects

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers)

  • Full dates includes normalised date information available for date-based searches. It is recommended to combine this selection with the filters "Start timespan" and "End timespan" for more details.
  • Only descriptive dates provides the date information in human-readable format.
  • No date either includes documents where the creation date is unknown, or where date information is not in a machine-readable format

Please note that not all documents contain a machine-readable date. More information here

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers). This filter will only include materials with "Full dates", i.e. those that include date information available for date-based searches. You can either search for a specific date of interest or focus step by step on the time span of a century, decade, year or month. When searching for a specific date, enter the date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01/01/1900 for 1 January 1900, via the calendar function or by typing directly in the text field.
This filter concentrates on the earliest dates mentioned in the materials.

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers). This filter will only include materials with "Full dates", i.e. those that include date information available for date-based searches. You can either search for a specific date of interest or focus step by step on the time span of a century, decade, year or month. When searching for a specific date, enter the date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01/01/1900 for 1 January 1900, via the calendar function or by typing directly in the text field.
This filter concentrates on the latest dates mentioned in the materials.

You can filter results based on the language in which the material is written. Please note that this filter will only include materials where specific language information has been provided by the institution and is therefore in a machine-readable format. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.



You can filter results by selecting one or more topics of interest. Please note that this filter will only include materials where the topic has been assigned and is therefore in a machine-readable format. Read how to assign a topic to documents on the Topics page. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.



You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the archival description:

  • The name can be the full name of a person, family or organisation as well as only parts of it, e.g. only the last name.
  • The identifier is used internally by the institution or refers to (inter)national vocabularies such as the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF).
  • The place can be the place of birth (or foundation), the place of death (or closing), the place of work or any other place of importance.
  • The occupation is the profession or job of a person
  • The mandate is a law, directive or charter that establishes and defines an organisation's powers, functions, responsibilities or sphere of activities.
  • The function is an activity, role, or purpose performed or manifested by a person, family or organisation

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by type of entities:

  • Person (e.g., John Locke or Jean Jaques Rousseau)
  • Family (e.g., the family Bonaparte)
  • Corporate body (an institution, organisation, or company, e.g. the "Ministerie van Justitie")
You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the language in which the material is written. Please note that this filter will only include materials where specific language information has been provided by the institution and is therefore in a machine-readable format. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the type of holding institution. Please note that this filter will only include institutions, for which a type has been provided as part of their descriptions.

  • A business archive holds the records of (often) commercial organisations.
  • A church or religious archive holds the records of church parishes or religious organisations, e.g. birth or death registers.
  • A county or local authority archive holds the records of the county's administrative bodies.
  • A media archive holds audiovisual or sound records, e.g. a film archive or the archive of a broadcasting company.
  • A municipal archive holds the records of a town or city administration.
  • A national archive holds the records of a country's administrative bodies, i.e. from ministries and other public bodies, sometimes also private papers of former ministers, chancellors, or presidents.
  • A private person or family archive holds the records forming the legacy of a prominent person or family.
  • A regional archive holds the records of a region's administrative bodies.
  • A specialised governmental archive holds records of public bodies, often operating on a national level, that are not part of the national archives' holdings.
  • A specialised non-governmental archive or archive of another cultural heritage institution hold collections from various cultural heritage institutions, eg. museum archives, libraries archives, etc
  • A university archive or archive of another research organisation holds the records pertaining to the administration of the according educational or research body.
  • Political parties, popular/labour movements and other non-governmental organisations, associations, agencies and foundations hold the archival collections of these institutions, outside of governmental records and outside of business archives (e.g., NGOs)

Write your message in your own language and use this drop-down menu to have your message translated into English or in the language of the institution for a swifter response. By checking this box and selecting a language you will send your original message along with the translated version

What kind of suggestion would you like to make?

  • Assign to topic: assign this record to one of our Topics. Topics are created following the Unesco Thesaurus
  • Suggest translation: If you have translated this archival description or the documents themselves, please send it to us as a .doc or .pdf file
  • Connect to another resource: If this object relates to another resource in Archives Portal Europe, or anywhere else on the web (e.g., an article on Wikipedia), you can suggest it to be linked to this resource
  • Other: If you have any other relevant material, such as a transcription of the document, please upload it and let us know here

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for Attribution Creative Commons Licence

This object is not or no longer protected by copyright and has been labelled with the Public Domain Mark. It can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication. All possible existing rights in the content are waived, and the object can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution (BY) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object, even commercially, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for Attribution Creative Commons Share Alike Licence

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NoDerivs

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NonCommercial

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, No Derivates (BY-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object, even commercially, as long as no alteration is made to the object and you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial (BY-NC) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike (BY-NC-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and as long as you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivates (BY-NC-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object for non-commercial use only, as long as no alteration is made to the object and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

Return to search Make a suggestion Contact this institution