1871
1967
Bureau des Travaux d’art et des Manufactures
Bureau des Travaux d’art et Manufactures nationales
Bureau de l'Enseignement et des Manufactures nationales
Bureau de l'Enseignement, Manufactures nationales et Mobilier national
Bureau des Travaux d'art, Musées, Expositions, Mobilier national et Manufactures
Bureau de l’Enseignement, Manufactures et Mobilier national
Bureau du Mobilier national et des Manufactures nationales
Bureau du Mobilier national et des Manufactures nationales d’art
Bureau du Mobilier national et des Manufactures nationales d’art de l’État
Bureau des Manufactures d’art de l’État
France. Bureau du Mobilier national et des Manufactures nationales (1871-1967)
Le bureau du Mobilier national et des Manufactures nationales, tel qu’il se fixe sous cette dénomination à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, est l’aboutissement d’un long parcours administratif.
Entre 1792 et l’an VIII (1800) il n’existe pas de bureau spécifique : les manufactures nationales de Sèvres, des Gobelins, de Beauvais, d’Aubusson, de la Savonnerie, relèvent du département de l’Intérieur, de sa Troisième puis Quatrième division. À partir de l’an IX, cette division se transforme en bureau des Arts et Manufactures ; l’année suivante, toujours rattachées au ministère de l’Intérieur, les manufactures nationales font partie des attributions d’un éphémère bureau des Arts mécaniques. Ensuite, entre 1803 et 1811, on retrouve le bureau des Arts et Manufactures. À noter toutefois qu’à partir de 1805 les manufactures nationales ne sont plus mentionnées dans les attributions du bureau. Entre 1812 et 1813, c’est le département des Manufactures et du Commerce, à travers sa Troisième division « Fabriques et manufactures » qui prend la relève du bureau des Arts et des Manufactures. De 1814 à 1820, le département de la Maison du Roi ne possède pas de bureau spécifique pour gérer les manufactures royales, mais ces dernières font partie de ses attributions tandis qu’il existe également en parallèle un bureau des Arts et Manufactures, et Poids et Mesures.
Entre 1821 et 1823, la Troisième division, dépendant de l’Intendance de la Maison du Roi, a dans les attributions les manufactures royales des Gobelins, de Sèvres, de la Savonnerie et de Beauvais ; le Garde-Meuble de la Couronne relève quant à lui de la « Seconde division ». En 1826, le département des Beaux-Art, relevant du département de la Maison du Roi, a pour attributions les manufactures royales et le mobilier de la Couronne. Pour la première fois est mentionné le « matériel des Fêtes et cérémonies », mission qui perdurera au sein du bureau jusqu’à 1969 (et qu’on retrouvera par intermittence avant 1945). En 1829 et 1830, se rattachant à l’Intendance générale de la Maison du Roi, le Premier bureau de la direction générale des Beaux-Arts a toujours pour attributions les manufactures royales, tandis que le Mobilier de la Couronne a sa propre intendance, également sous l’égide de l’Intendance générale de la Maison du Roi.
Entre 1831 et 1847, la Conservation du mobilier de la Couronne (ancien nom du Mobilier national) et les manufactures royales dépendent de l’Intendance de la Maison du Roi, sans relever d’un bureau particulier. En parallèle, sur la même période (et ce jusqu’en 1874), existe également un bureau dénommé tantôt bureau des Manufactures et Statistique industrielle, tantôt bureau des Manufactures, tantôt bureau de l’Industrie, chargé notamment de préparer les lois et règlements relatifs aux arts et manufactures. Il dépend pour sa part du département du Commerce, ou de celui de l’Agriculture et du Commerce.
Le 18 mars 1848, un arrêté fait rentrer les manufactures de Sèvres, de Beauvais et des Gobelins dans les attributions du ministère de l’Agriculture et du Commerce, ces dernières dépendant alors du bureau central du secrétariat général de la direction de l’Agriculture et du Commerce, et ce jusqu’en 1851. Les missions de ce dernier sont la centralisation du service administratif des manufactures nationales de Sèvres, des Gobelins et de Beauvais, la nomination de tous les emplois dans le cadre du personnel de ces établissements, l’approbation des dépenses et examens des comptes, le conseil de perfectionnement institué auprès des manufactures nationales.
En 1852 un éphémère Premier bureau relevant de la direction des Palais et Manufactures (dépendant d’un Ministère d’État), voit le Mobilier national rentrer dans les attributions du bureau : « administration et surveillance des palais, parcs et jardins, des manufactures et du Mobilier national ».
De 1853 à 1858, le bureau de la Dotation mobilière, relevant de la division des Bâtiments et de la Dotation mobilière, dépendant lui-même du ministère de la Maison de l’Empereur, est créé, tandis que de 1859 à 1870, c’est le « 2e bureau » (relevant du service de la Maison de l’Empereur du département de la Maison de l’Empereur et des Beaux-Arts) qui prend la suite des missions concernant les manufactures nationales, devenant dans ce cas, impériales.
À partir de 1871 et jusqu’à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les manufactures nationales relèvent de l’administration des Beaux-Arts. La division et le bureau des Beaux-Arts sont en effet rattachés au département des Beaux-Arts, créé le 2 janvier 1870 et transformé le 15 mai suivant en département des Lettres, Sciences et Beaux-Arts. À partir du 23 août 1870, la division, puis direction des Beaux-Arts, est définitivement rattachée avec ses bureaux au ministère de l'Instruction publique, sauf du 14 novembre 1881 au 30 janvier 1882, où elle fait partie d'un éphémère ministère des Arts. Ainsi, en 1871, apparaît le bureau des Manufactures nationales, relevant de la division des Beaux-Arts, au sein de laquelle sont présents également les bureaux des Beaux-arts, des Monuments historiques, des Théâtres et de la Comptabilité.
En 1885, le bureau des Manufactures nationales s’étoffe et devient le bureau des Travaux d’art et des Manufactures, puis, entre 1890 et 1891, le bureau des Travaux d’art et Manufactures nationales. À partir de 1892, les manufactures sont rattachées au bureau de l’Enseignement, pour devenir le bureau de l'Enseignement et des Manufactures nationales. En 1932-1933, on lui adjoint le Mobilier national.
De 1934 à 1937, le bureau des Travaux d'art, Musées, Expositions, Mobilier national et des Manufactures est une administration importante, toujours rattachée à la direction générale des Beaux-arts du ministère de l'Instruction publique, et son rôle englobe, comme son titre l'indique, toutes les opérations d'achat et de gestion des dépôts nationaux, d'organisation des expositions, d'aide sociale aux artistes, que ce soit pour les œuvres d'art proprement dites (peintures et sculptures) ou les objets mobiliers (tapisseries, mobilier, objets de Sèvres). À partir de 1938 et jusqu’à la Libération, on revient au nom de bureau de l'Enseignement, Manufactures et Mobilier national.
De 1944 à 1960, sous la dénomination de bureau du Mobilier national et des Manufactures nationales, le bureau est rattaché au ministère de l’Éducation nationale, via la direction générale des Arts et des Lettres (DGAL). Au sein de cette direction générale, il relève d’abord de la direction des Arts plastiques, puis de la direction de l’Enseignement et de la Production artistique, puis entre 1949 et 1961, du service de l’Enseignement et de la Production artistique et enfin, entre 1962 et 1969, du service de la Création artistique. Le bureau devient, en 1961, bureau du Mobilier national et des Manufactures nationales d’art, puis en 1962, bureau du Mobilier national et des Manufactures de l’État.
Entre 1965 et 1967, il est dénommé simplement bureau des Manufactures de l’État, et en 1968, le bureau se transforme en bureau des Affaires générales mais en conservant ses attributions précédentes.
En 1969, la suppression de la DGAL entraîne l’autonomisation du service de la Création artistique qui regroupe alors quatre bureaux chargés des arts plastiques : le bureau des Affaires générales, le bureau des Achats et Commandes d’œuvres d’art, le bureau de Travaux de décoration des édifices publics et le bureau de l’Action sociale.
À partir de 1971, les dépôts, prêts et attributions d’œuvres d’art relevant du Mobilier national et des manufactures nationales sont transférés au bureau des Achats et Commandes d’œuvres d’art. En 1979, la délégation à la Création, aux Métiers artistiques et aux Manufactures succède au service de la Création artistique. Elle deviendra, en 1982, délégation aux Arts plastiques. Placé sous la tutelle de cette dernière, le Centre national des arts plastiques (CNAP), tout juste créé, assure, entre autres, la gestion du Mobilier national et des manufactures nationales.
Les missions relevant du bureau des Manufactures nationales, créé en tant que tel en 1871, étaient auparavant assurées, entre 1859 et 1870, par un « 2e bureau », relevant du département de la Maison de l’Empereur. Celles-ci, assez succinctes au début (« examen des propositions des administrateurs du Mobilier de la Couronne et des manufactures impériales, préparation des décisions et arrêtés du ministre sur ces services, contrôle des dépenses de ces établissements ») perdurent au sein du bureau des Manufactures, jusqu’au premier tiers du XXe siècle, pour ensuite être reprises et complétées : se rajoutent ainsi au fil du temps les concessions et ventes des produits des manufactures, la commission de perfectionnement de la manufacture de Sèvres, de la manufacture de Beauvais et celle des Gobelins, les concours pour les prix de Sèvres et des Gobelins, l’ameublement et la décoration des résidences présidentielles, des ambassades et légations, des bâtiments civils, des palais nationaux et des hôtels ministériels, les travaux de décoration mobilière que nécessitent les cérémonies officielles et nationales, l’entretien du mobilier, des tapisseries et objets ayant un caractère artistique, ainsi que l’atelier-école d’Aubusson. À partir de 1961, se greffent les mises en dépôt de tapisseries, d’objets mobiliers et d’objets de Sèvres, les prêts de tapisseries, de meubles et de porcelaines pour les expositions ainsi que les attributions d’objets.
Du point de vue de la structure administrative, de 1885 à 1891, les Manufactures nationales et les Travaux d’art sont regroupés au sein d’un même bureau. En 1892, on distingue d'une part le bureau des Travaux d'art, Musées et Expositions, qui apparaît pour la première fois, et, d’autre part, le bureau de l'Enseignement et des Manufactures nationales, qui perdure, à quelques variantes près (au milieu des années 1930, vient se joindre le Mobilier national), jusqu'à la Libération, moment où est créée la direction générale des Arts et des Lettres (DGAL).
Le bureau du Mobilier national et des Manufactures nationales finit par disparaître en 1969, en même temps que la DGAL, après avoir été fondu, en 1968, dans un bureau des Affaires générales.
En 1968, le bureau du Mobilier national et des Manufactures nationales se transforme en un bureau des Affaires générales, tout en conservant ses attributions et ses missions, jusqu’à ce que la DGAL soit dissoute en 1969.
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