27 juillet 1927
28 juillet 2020
Taïeb, Zeiza
Halimi, Gisèle (1927-2020)
Gisèle Halimi, née Zeiza Taïeb le 27 juillet 1927 à La Goulette en Tunisie, est une avocate, militante féministe et femme politique franco-tunisienne.
Elle épouse Paul Halimi en 1949 et choisit Gisèle pour prénom principal. La même année, elle débute sa carrière d’avocate, au barreau de Tunis, avant de s’installer à Paris. Sa profession lui permet de s’illustrer dans les années 1950 par la défense de militants pour l’indépendance de la Tunisie et de l’Algérie, notamment de membres du Front de libération nationale (FLN).
Dès cette période, s’esquisse un engagement féministe et plus particulièrement en faveur des femmes victimes de viol. Ainsi, Gisèle Halimi défend Djamila Boupacha, militante du FLN victime de torture et de viol par des soldats français après son arrestation pour terrorisme. Le procès, dans lequel Gisèle Halimi reçoit le soutien de Simone de Beauvoir, est l’objet d’un écho médiatique retentissant. Djamila Boupacha est finalement amnistiée par suite des accords d’Evian du 19 mars 1962. Ce procès offre à Gisèle Halimi une tribune pour les causes féministe et antiraciste.
Son combat se poursuit lorsqu’en 1971 elle signe le « Manifeste des 343 » publié dans Le Nouvel Observateur dans lequel des femmes qui ont eu recours à l’avortement en réclament la légalisation. Déterminée à faire aboutir cette cause, elle se fait ensuite connaître lors d’affaires judiciaires largement médiatisées qui font évoluer la législation française sur l’interruption volontaire de grossesse (IVG) et le viol. Tout d’abord lors du procès de Bobigny, elle défend la jeune Marie-Claire, mise en cause avec des proches pour avortement après un viol. Cette affaire crée un contexte favorable à l’adoption de la loi Veil sur l’IVG, promulguée en 1975.
Elle est ensuite avocate des victimes dans l’affaire Tonglet-Castellano qui aboutit à la loi de 1980 dont la sénatrice radicale Brigitte Gros est à l’initiative. Dans cette affaire, deux jeunes lesbiennes ont subi un viol punitif dans les calanques de Marseille après avoir rejeté les avances d’un garçon. La loi Gros renforce alors les droits des victimes de viol en assurant la qualification de ce dernier en crime et non en délit comme c’était alors le cas dans la pratique, punissable de quinze ans de prison.
L’engagement de Gisèle Halimi ne faiblit pas après ces victoires. La suite de son engagement s’oriente vers la politique. Gisèle Halimi est élue députée socialiste de l’Isère et conseillère régionale de Rhône-Alpes en 1981. En 1982, elle fait voter avec Robert Badinter une nouvelle formulation de la prestation de serment des avocats qui vise à donner à la profession une orientation plus libérale. La même année, elle est à l’origine de la loi établissant un même âge de majorité sexuelle pour les personnes homosexuelles et hétérosexuelles, alors que les relations entre personnes de même sexe étaient jusqu’alors sujettes à un encadrement plus strict.
Déçue par la politique de la gauche de gouvernement, elle quitte son siège de député en 1984 et devient ambassadrice de la France auprès de l’UNESCO en 1985. Elle occupe ensuite des fonctions à l’ONU jusqu’à la fin des années 1980. Dans la décennie suivante, son engagement féministe est marqué par sa présence à partir de 1995 à l’Observatoire de la parité entre les hommes et les femmes, dont elle est à l’initiative. De plus, cet engagement féministe se double alors d’une prise de position altermondialiste manifestée par la création de l’association ATTAC en 1998.
Le féminisme de Gisèle Halimi ne saurait être résumé ici où nous n’avons mis en évidence que les éléments marquants. Pour les compléter, il faudrait mentionner, sans prétendre à l’exhaustivité, sa prise de position contre le port du voile à l’école, contre la gestation pour autrui (GPA) et pour l’abolition de la prostitution. En 2010, elle parvient à faire adopter en France une directive européenne visant à une harmonisation des droits des femmes en s’alignant sur les régimes en vigueur dans les pays les plus libéraux, la fameuse « clause de l’Européenne la plus favorisée ».
Vie personnelle
Gisèle Halimi a deux enfants de son premier mariage, Jean-Yves et Serge, qui deviennent respectivement avocat et journaliste. Après un divorce, elle se marie en 1961 avec l’intellectuel Claude Faux dont elle a un fils, Emmanuel, qui devient aussi journaliste.
Gisèle Halimi meurt à Paris le 28 juillet 2020, âgée de quatre-vingt-treize ans.
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