26 novembre 1918
18 janvier 1920
L'arrêté du ministre de la Reconstitution industrielle du 21 décembre 1918 fixe la composition du ministère et les attributions de ses services.
Le ministère de la Reconstitution industrielle comprend :
1) le cabinet du ministre et les services communs et spéciaux :
Section d'administration générale et service général du courrier et des archives ;
Service technique et économique ;
Section d'informations étrangères et de relations avec l'étranger ;
Service central des transports et combustibles ;
Service du personnel ;
Service intérieur et du matériel de l'administration centrale ;
Commission des contrats ;
Inspections et contrôles techniques divers ;
Service de transformation des usines ;
Transports par automobiles ;
Service des autorisations des établissements dangereux et insalubres ;
Service central des forces hydrauliques (arrêté du ministre de la Reconstitution industrielle du 16 janvier 1919).
2) l'administration centrale :
Direction des mines ;
Direction des matières premières (supprimée par arrêté du ministre de la Reconstitution industrielle du 1er août 1919) ;
Direction du cuir et du vêtement ;
Direction des fabrications générales ;
Direction des poudres (rattachée au ministère de la Guerre par décret du 10 décembre 1919) ;
Direction du contrôle, de la comptabilité générale et du contentieux ;
Direction de la main d'oeuvre (supprimée par arrêté du ministre de la Reconstitution industrielle du 20 septembre 1919 et rattachée à la direction des fabrications générales) ;
Service et Office de la reconstitution industrielle des régions libérées.
3) les services extérieurs ressortant d'un service du ministère :
Inspection des études et expériences des poudres et explosifs (direction des poudres) ;
Laboratoire central des poudres (direction des poudres) ;
Inspection générale des établissements et des usines (cabinet du ministre) ;
Inspection générale du service du bois (direction des matières premières, supprimée par décret du 23 mai 1919) ;
Bureau national des charbons (service central des transports et combustibles) ;
Bureau des combustibles végétaux (service central des transports et combustibles) ;
Direction du matériel chimique de guerre (direction des fabrications générales).
Début 1918, le ministère du Commerce envisage pour la sortie de guerre, la possibilité de réunir démobilisation industrielle et reconstitution industrielle des régions dévastées sous l’autorité d’un nouveau ministère. Deux semaines après la signature de l’armistice, c’est cette solution qui est retenue : le décret du 26 novembre 1918 transforme le ministère de l’Armement et des Fabrications de guerre en ministère de la Reconstitution industrielle. Georges Clemenceau maintient à ce poste Louis Loucheur, ministre de l’Armement depuis septembre 1917. Il devient son principal conseiller économique tout en assumant des fonctions d’expert technique à la Conférence de la paix et de négociateur, notamment avec la Grande-Bretagne et l’Allemagne, sur les questions économiques internationales.
Le périmètre du ministère se transforme pour s'adapter à ses nouvelles missions. Tout ce qui concerne l’armement fait retour au ministère de la Guerre où sont transférés la direction de l’organisation et du matériel de l’artillerie et les établissements en dépendant directement ainsi que les inspections des études et expériences techniques de l’artillerie, des armes portatives et de l’automobile, et la direction des services chimiques de guerre. Le ministère de la Guerre est chargé de l’établissement des programmes d’armement pour lesquels le ministère de la Reconstitution industrielle est consulté.
Sont transférés au ministère de la Reconstitution industrielle :
• la partie des services techniques de guerre du ministère du Commerce, de l’Industrie, des Postes et des Télégraphes, créés en vue de la répartition des matières premières, avec les organismes d’exécution correspondants ;
• le comité de dérogation aux prohibitions d’entrée ;
• l’Office de reconstitution industrielle des départements victimes de l’invasion (ORI), rattaché jusque-là au ministère du Blocus et des Régions libérées.
L’action du ministère de la Reconstitution industrielle s’inscrit dans le cadre de la transition de l’économie de guerre à l’économie de paix et du retour à la liberté économique. Il s’agit de centraliser entre les mains d’un ministre toutes les questions intéressant la production nationale, pour lui permettre d’exercer un rôle d’expertise, de coordination et d’harmonisation en liaison avec les ministères concernés. Pour assurer une meilleure utilisation économique des industries nées ou développées pendant la guerre et les mettre au service de la reconstruction, il dispose de leviers puissants comme le contrôle des mines et des importations, la répartition des combustibles et des fabrications métallurgiques.
Le ministère de la Reconstitution industrielle doit :
• assurer par tous les moyens le développement des productions de toutes natures en les équilibrant suivant les disponibilités en main d’œuvre et en matières premières et les besoins de la nation ;
• répartir les commandes à passer par les divers ministères ou services publics ;
• participer avec les ministères de l’Agriculture et du Ravitaillement, du Commerce, du Travail, des Travaux publics, à la préparation des programmes généraux de production nationale et à l’étude des projets de loi intéressant l’accroissement de la production ;
• contrôler la répartition des produits essentiels (sauf l’alimentation) avec une priorité : la restauration rapide des moyens de production des régions libérées ;
• assurer à tous chaussures et vêtements à des prix raisonnables ;
• procéder à la suppression progressive des prohibitions d’importation.
L’activité du ministère de la Reconstitution industrielle, centrée sur l’année 1919, s’est exercée dans un contexte de crise : crise du charbon, des transports, crise sociale avec des grèves, problèmes liés à la démobilisation massive. Pour promouvoir la reconstruction et la modernisation, Louis Loucheur, l'unique ministre de la Reconstitution industrielle, s’appuie sur un retour à l’initiative privée et une limitation du rôle de l’État. Il encourage les projets de flotte marchande moderne et d’électrification, une loi sur les mines est destinée à favoriser la production de charbon, la loi sur les dommages de guerre du 17 avril 1919, la mise en place des groupements de sinistrés, l’action vigoureuse de l’ORI favorisent le démarrage de la reconstruction des régions libérées.
La démission du gouvernement Clemenceau le 18 janvier 1920 met un terme à l'existence du ministère de la Reconstitution industrielle.
Par les décrets du 22 janvier 1920, L’ORI est transféré au ministère des Régions libérées, le service du cuir et du vêtement au ministère du Commerce, la direction des mines et le Bureau national des charbons au ministère des Travaux publics. Le ministère de la Guerre est chargé d’assurer la liquidation des services dépendant du ministère de la Reconstitution industrielle qui n’ont pas été transférés.
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