6 septembre 1978
1er juillet 1985
Quelques mois après sa création, la direction de l'Architecture voit son organisation définie par un arrêté du 7 mai 1979.
La direction est sudivisée en trois sous-directions :
sous-direction de l'Enseignement et de la Recherche ;
sous-direction de la Promotion de l'architecture ;
sous-direction de la Création de l'architecture.
Longtemps placée au sein du ministère de l’Éducation nationale, la direction de l’Architecture intègre le ministère de la Culture en 1959. Réorganisée autour de la création architecturale et des constructions publiques (et à côté de la direction Monuments historiques- palais nationaux ainsi que de la direction des Sites et espaces protégés), cette direction est transférée, en 1978, au sein du nouveau ministère de l’Environnement et du Cadre de vie.
Cette décision traduit ainsi la préoccupation accordée, depuis le début des années 1970, au développement harmonieux de l’urbanisation ainsi qu’à la prise en compte des problématiques environnementales.
La circulaire du 21 mars 1973 du ministre Olivier Guichard, signifiant la volonté politique de mettre fin à l’ère des grands ensembles et de promouvoir la qualité de vie, incite les gouvernants à définir une politique de l’architecture et à l’intégrer dans les programmes de construction en privilégiant davantage le qualitatif que le quantitatif. Il s’agit de repenser la construction telle qu’elle se fait depuis la fin des années 1950 et de revoir les fondements de la formation des architectes.
En ce sens, le Programme Architecture Nouvelle (PAN) de 1972 est destiné à faire connaître des projets d’architecture novateurs ainsi que leurs auteurs, et à faciliter l’accès de ces derniers à la commande publique. A cela s’ajoute la loi 77-2 du 3 janvier 1977 sur l’architecture qui définit celle-ci comme une expression de la culture. L’article 1er de la loi précise ainsi que : «La création architecturale, la qualité des constructions, leur insertion harmonieuse dans le milieu environnant, le respect des paysages naturels ou urbains ainsi que du patrimoine sont d'intérêt public. Les autorités habilitées à délivrer le permis de construire ainsi que les autorisations de lotir s'assurent, au cours de l'instruction des demandes, du respect de cet intérêt».
La consécration de l’architecture avec cette loi, le rôle renforcé des architectes dans les projets de construction, l’avènement dans chaque département des Conseils d’architecture, d’urbanisme et d’environnement (CAUE) vont alors permettre une reconfiguration ministérielle et administrative en 1978 autour de trois pôles que sont l’équipement, l’environnement et l’architecture.
La création du ministère de l’Environnement et du Cadre de vie le 12 avril 1978 avec à sa tête Michel d’Ornano est donc suivi durant plusieurs mois par une réflexion politique sur les objectifs de réorganisation de l’administration centrale.
La vision du ministre est ainsi présentée dans une lettre d’information du ministère d’avril 1978- versement 19900614/5- :
«Il est bon que la protection et la modernisation du patrimoine, la qualité de l’architecture et l’efficacité de la construction, la protection de l’environnement et la simplicité réglementaire puissent être recherchées ensemble, et sur les intérêts parfois divergents, puissent faire l’objet de conciliations sans retard excessif».
Un mois avant le décret du 6 septembre 1978 portant réorganisation de l’administration centrale, le ministre précise sa pensée politique lors d’une communication au Conseil des ministres ainsi que dans une note – versement 19810272/20- :
«Assurer la qualité architecturale des constructions publiques et privées, tel est le second objectif qui guide la réorganisation de mes services. Celle-ci est marquée par une volonté de cohérence entre l’architecture et la construction, en vue notamment de veiller à l’insertion harmonieuse du bâti dans le milieu environnant.
Ainsi pourra être engagée une politique systématique de défense et de mise en valeur des paysages urbains, d’aménagement raisonnable des quartiers anciens, d’esthétique architecturale contemporaine. […].
La direction Architecture, dont les missions seront ainsi consolidées, disposera d’un faisceau d’attributions qui permettront de se tourner résolument vers l’architecture contemporaine. Elle sera chargée de l’exécution de la politique des constructions nouvelles, grâce notamment à l’aide architecturale dont les moyens devront être sensiblement accrus. De même sera-t-elle compétente pour les actions dans les quartiers anciens en vue d’en protéger et d’en mettre en valeur l’intérêt architectural. Je lui confierai les liaisons avec la direction du patrimoine, qui en accord avec le ministre de la Culture et de la Communication, sera placée sous mon autorité pour l’exercice de mes attributions en matière de protection des monuments historiques. La direction de l’Architecture sera d’autant mieux armée pour remplir ces tâches qu’elle aura la charge d’un bloc homogène de responsabilités comprenant aussi la recherche et la création, l’organisation de la profession d’architecte, l’enseignement de l’architecture et la formation continue des hommes de l’art».
Le décret n° 78-918 du 6 septembre 1978 fixant l'organisation de l'administration centrale de l'environnement et du cadre de vie
Ce décret peut se résumer ainsi en ce qui concerne le volet architecture :
• L’administration centrale comprend un délégué à l’Architecture et à la Construction dont relèvent la direction de l’Architecture et la direction de la Construction ;
• Le délégué assure la coordination des actions conduites par ces deux directions en vue notamment d’améliorer la conception de l’habitat, la qualité des constructions et leur insertion dans le milieu environnant ; il est responsable des mesures d'incitation à la création et à la recherche architecturales ; il suit les travaux de la mission interministérielle pour la qualité des constructions publiques et ceux qui relèvent du plan-construction ;
• La direction de l'architecture élabore et met en œuvre la politique de la qualité architecturale ;
• Elle est responsable de l'aide architecturale, ainsi que de la sensibilisation du public à l'architecture ;
• Elle est chargée de protéger et d'améliorer la qualité architecturale dans les quartiers existants, notamment à l'occasion des travaux de construction ou de restauration qui y sont effectués, et applique la législation des secteurs sauvegardés ;
• Elle veille à la prise en compte des préoccupations de qualité architecturale lors de l'établissement des documents d'urbanisme et de l'instruction des autorisations de construire ;
• Elle élabore les règles relatives à l'organisation et à l'exercice de la profession d'architecte et en contrôle l'application. Elle définit les conditions de préparation des projets d'architecture ;
• Elle est responsable de l'enseignement de l'architecture et de la formation continue des hommes de l'art. Elle gère les personnels participant à ces activités et assure la tutelle des unités pédagogiques d'architecture.
Après sept années d'activité, la direction de l’Architecture perd son autonomie en 1985, intégrant la nouvelle direction de l'Urbanisme et de l' Architecture. Puis, en 1995, certaines compétences en matière architecturale sont de nouveau rattachées au ministère de la Culture.
Le décret 96-257 du 22 mars 1996 consacre le rattachement de l’Architecture de nouveau à la Culture, aux côtés de la direction du Patrimoine, ces deux directions fusionnant en 1998 dans une direction Architecture Patrimoine.
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