14 novembre 1757
5 février 1852
Jaucourt, marquis de (1757-1852)
Jaucourt, François de (1757-1852)
comte de Jaucourt
Jaucourt, François (1757-1852)
François Jaucourt (1757-1852), né Arnail-François de Jaucourt, comte puis marquis de Jaucourt, est le fils de Louis-Pierre de Jaucourt (1726-1813), baron d'Huban, maréchal de camp, et d'Élisabeth Gilly (mort en 1774). Il appartient à la branche des Jaucourt d'Espeuilles, qui, restés en France après la révocation de l'Édit de Nantes faisaient baptiser leurs enfants dans la religion catholique mais gardaient une fidélité intérieure à la Réforme.
Il commence une carrière militaire dans le régiment de Condé-dragons comme capitaine (1777) puis colonel (1787). Il adhère aux idées nouvelles de la Révolution et se fait appeler François Jaucourt (sans la particule). Membre de la société des Feuillants, président de l'administration du département de Seine-et-Marne, il est élu le 31 août 1791 à l'Assemblée législative. Il siège du côté droit de l'Assemblée, avec les « monarchiens » favorables à une monarchie constitutionnelle, et appartient au comité militaire et au comité diplomatique. Il s'oppose aux décrets sur les émigrés, à la déclaration de guerre à l'empereur et à la formation d'un camp de fédérés autour de Paris. Il démissionne de l'Assemblée le 30 juillet 1792, mais est il est arrêté est enfermé à la prison de l'Abbaye dont il sort, grâce à l'intervention de Mme de Staël, la veille des massacres de septembre. Il émigre en Angleterre où il devient grâce à Talleyrand, attaché à la mission française en Angleterre. Il rentre en France en janvier 1793 mais doit à nouveau s'exiler en août 1795, dénoncé à la Convention comme intrigant contre le gouvernement. Il séjourne en Suisse puis en Allemagne et ne rentre en France qu'après le coup d'État du 18 brumaire an VIII (9 novembre 1799).
Nommé le 4 nivôse an VIII membre du Tribunat, Jaucourt est chargé en avril 1802, avec Lucien Bonaparte, de défendre le Concordat près du Corps législatif, et surtout les intérêts du culte protestant (il a à cette époque retrouvé son identité protestante). Président du Tribunat en l'an XI (octobre 1802), Jaucourt est présenté par le collège électoral de la Nièvre comme candidat au Sénat conservateur, où il est appelé, l'année d'après (8 brumaire an XII). Membre de la Légion d'honneur du 4 frimaire an XII, il est le 25 prairial suivant (14 juin 1804) promu commandeur de l'Ordre.
Jaucourt s'associe à la politique et à la fortune de Joseph Bonaparte au Sénat, il devient l'un des principaux officiers de sa maison en qualité de premier chambellan (1804), puis il l'accompagne à Naples. Le 26 avril 1808, Jaucourt est créé comte de l'Empire. il prend ensuite du recul par rapport à la politique de Napoléon Ier ; en 1814 il adhère à la déchéance de l'Empereur et accepte de faire partie du Gouvernement provisoire. Il signe le décret du Sénat du 6 avril 1814 qui appelle au trône Louis XVIII sous le titre de roi des Français, et renferme les bases d'une constitution. Le 16 du même mois, le comte d'Artois, investi par le roi son frère de la lieutenance-générale du royaume, le nomme membre du conseil d'État provisoire.
Il est nommé le 13 mai par Louis XVIII, ministre d'État, devient pair de France le 4 juin suivant et obtient le 25 octobre 1814, le brevet de lieutenant général. En décembre 1814, Jaucourt est nommé, par intérim, ministre des Affaires étrangères en l'absence de Talleyrand, qui s'est rendu au congrès de Vienne. En mars 1815, lord du retour de Napoléon, il n'hésite pas à suivre Louis XVIII à Gand, où il continue de diriger les Affaires étrangères. Aussi se trouve-t-il excepté de l'amnistie générale accordée par l'Empereur à son retour de l'Île d'Elbe, et est du petit nombre de ceux que Napoléon met hors-la-loi. Il rentre à Paris avec le roi, reprend son siège à la Chambre des pairs et reçoit le 9 juillet 1815 le portefeuille de la Marine, qu'il remet dès le 26 septembre suivant. Le 28 septembre, il est nommé grand'croix de la Légion d'honneur, ministre d'État, et le 5 octobre, membre du conseil privé. Il préside en 1817 le conseil général de Seine-et-Marne, et reçoit du roi le 31 août 1817 l'hérédité de sa pairie, avec le titre de comte, changé en celui de marquis. Rallié des premiers à la monarchie de Juillet, il est un de ceux qui, après la révolution de Juillet 1830, viennent déposer entre les mains du roi Louis-Philippe Ier les hommages et les serments de la Chambre des pairs. Jaucourt siège au palais du Luxembourg jusqu'à la révolution de février 1848, qui le rend à la vie privée. Il se retire alors dans son château de Combreux, et donne son vote à la présidence du prince L.-N. Bonaparte et son approbation au coup d'État du 2 décembre 1851. François Jaucourt décède à Presles le 5 février 1852.
Jaucourt joue un sous la Restauration un rôle important dans la défense de la religion protestane : dès 1803, il est membre du Consistoire de Paris ; par la suite il devient le président de la Société biblique protestante de Paris (dès la fondation de celle-ci en 1818) et celui de la Société pour l’encouragement de l’instruction primaire parmi les protestants de France créée en 1829.
Il épouse, le 20 nivôse an VII (9 janvier 1799) Marie Charlotte Louise Perrette Aglaé Bontemps (1762-1848), comtesse de La Châtre, fille de Louis Dominique Bontemps (1738-1766), ancien premier valet de chambre de Louis XV (1747-1766), gouverneur du Palais des Tuileries ; elle était divorcée depuis janvier 1793, de Claude-Louis de La Châtre (1745-1824). De ce mariage naît le 29 octobre 1798, Suzanne Calixte de Jaucourt. N'ayant pas de descendant mâle, Jaucourt adopte, par acte du 26 avril 1821, Charles Lévisse de Montigny de Jaucourt (1786-1877), maître des requêtes au conseil d'État, et lui transmet son titre de marquis.
Arnail-François de Jaucourt a racheté à son père, vers 1800 le château de Combreux, construit par celui-ci à partir de 1770. Sous la Restauration, il y donne des fêtes magnifiques et y entretient un troupeu de moutons mérinos provenant de Rambouillet. Il possède aussi un château et des domaines à Presle, en Brie.
Arnail-François de Jaucourt, aussi appelé François Jaucourt ou comte de Jaucourt (marquis de Jaucourt après 1817) ne doit pas être confondu avec son cousin et contemporain, Charles-Léopold de Jaucourt (1736-1799), de la branche de Chazelles, dit le marquis de Jaucourt, qui émigra dès le début de la Révolution, servit dans l'armée des Princes et devint ministre d'État du gouvernement de Louis XVIII en exil, à Vérone puis à Mittau.
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