17 janvier 1822
7 mai 1897
Aumale, Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d'Orléans (1822-1897 ; duc d’)
Huitième enfant et cinquième fils de Louis-Philippe et de Marie-Amélie d’Orléans, Henri, duc d’Aumale, est né au Palais-Royal le 17 janvier 1822. Il y grandit en famille. Il développe une aptitude aux études, suivi par son précepteur, Alfred-Auguste Cuvillier-Fleury, qui lui transmet la passion de l’histoire, de l’art et de livres. Élève au lycée Henri-IV, comme ses frères, il obtient quelques prix d’excellence. En 1837, il remporte le prix d’histoire au concours général, poussé par ses professeurs Jules Michelet et Victor Duruy. Comme chaque membre de la famille d’Orléans, il développe des dons artistiques.
En 1837, il est nommé sous-lieutenant au 4e régiment d’infanterie légère de Fontainebleau. En 1840, il embarque pour l’Algérie avec son précepteur, et se met aux ordres du maréchal Valée. Il participe à la campagne de Médéa et fait preuve d’un courage qui lui vaut une citation à l’ordre de l’armée. Il se découvre alors une fascination pour l’Algérie. Il poursuit son éducation, notamment politique et militaire en prenant la direction de l’école de tir de Valenciennes. Il y met au point un plan de formation des fantassins. Il part de nouveau en Algérie en 1841, comme lieutenant-colonel. Lors de son retour en France pendant l’été, il rejoint le camp de Compiègne, avec son régiment, et y retrouve son frère Nemours. La même année, au cours d’une parade, il est l’objet d’une tentative d’assassinat de la part d’un républicain, François Quenisset. La mort de son frère aîné, le duc d’Orléans, en 1842 est un choc pour le duc d’Aumale qui en était très proche. De nouveau nommé en Algérie, il administre la province de Médéa, mettant en pratique sa conception de la colonisation, respectueuse des mœurs et des religions. La prise de la smala d’Abd-el-Kader en 1843 est l’apogée de sa carrière militaire. Il alterne les voyages en Europe, à la recherche d’une épouse, et les missions en Algérie. Après avoir contribué à pacifier la région de Constantine, il épouse Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile le 25 novembre 1844 à Naples. Le 11 septembre 1847, il est nommé gouverneur général de l’Algérie. Il œuvre au développement économique de la colonie, instaure une paix civile durable, réorganise l’administration civile et programme de grands travaux, notamment dans le port d’Alger. La reddition de l’émir Abd-el-Kader augmente encore son prestige.
La révolution de 1848 sonne son départ de l’Algérie et son exil en Angleterre. Après des débuts à Claremont House, il s’installe avec sa famille à Orleans House, près de Twickenham, lieu de rassemblement des libéraux et opposants au Second Empire, et passe également beaucoup de temps en Sicile. L’instauration de la IIe République lui donne l’idée de se présenter aux élections présidentielles mais ce projet tourne court avec le coup d’État de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. Il envisage la restauration de la monarchie et milite pour la réconciliation des deux branches Bourbon et Orléans, comme ses frères Nemours et Montpensier. Sa participation aux capitaux de presse lui permet de peser sur l’opinion publique. Dans les années qui suivent, l’empire du Mexique et le royaume de Grèce lui sont proposés mais ces projets échouent.
La duchesse d’Aumale décède le 6 décembre 1869. Lors de la guerre de 1870 opposant la France à la Prusse, le duc d’Aumale n’est pas autorisé à réintégrer l’armée, mais Thiers, chef du gouvernement, accepte son retour sur le sol français, sans pour autant que la loi d’exil ne soit abrogée. En 1871, il devient député de l’Oise puis il est rétabli dans son grade de général. Il est élu à l’Académie française et y est accueilli par son ancien mentor, Cuvillier-Fleury. Son autorité militaire lui vaut de prendre en 1873 la présidence du Conseil de guerre qui juge le maréchal Bazaine pour sa responsabilité dans la défaite de la France en 1870. Il est nommé commandant du 7e corps d’armée de Besançon. Mais quelques années plus tard, en 1886, il est à nouveau rayé des cadres de l’armée et exilé.
La mort de ses deux fils survivants, Louis-Philippe, prince de Condé, en 1866 et François, prince de Guise, en 1872, le laisse sans héritier. Il se consacre alors à la restauration du château de Chantilly que lui avait légué son parrain, le prince de Condé. Le chantier monumental est confié à Pierre-Jérôme Daumet et dure de 1876 à 1882. Sa propriété accueille des chasses et des fêtes de famille, mais aussi un musée à l’ordonnancement romantique, dans lequel sont exposés toiles classiques et contemporaines, lithographies, gravures, dessins, livres, antiquités, du mobilier… En 1886, il lègue Chantilly et ses collections à l’Institut de France, dont il est trois fois membre (Académie française, Académie des Sciences morales et politiques, Académie des Beaux-Arts). De 1893 à 1897, il assure la présidence de la Croix-Rouge.
Il décède d’une rupture d’anévrisme, le 7 mai 1897 lors d’un séjour en Sicile, veillé par sa sœur, la princesse Clémentine. Il est inhumé dans la nécropole du château de Dreux.
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