1er juillet 1875
8 mars 1961
Né le 1er juillet 1875 au Pérou, où son père († 1876) gérait le Consulat de France à Callao, Mario-Louis-Guillaume Roques (1875-1961) passe son enfance entre Paris, Beaumont-de-Limagne (Tarn-et-Garonne) chez sa grand-mère maternelle et l’Espagne. Une bourse d’enseignement secondaire lui permet de faire ses études au lycée Henri IV à Paris. Il entre à 19 ans en 1894 à l’École normale supérieure, où il étudie la philologie, grecque d'abord avec Henri Lebègue, puis médiévale avec Élie Berger. Parallèlement il suit en auditeur libre les cours d’Élie Berger et de Paul Meyer à l’École des chartes, ainsi que, à l’École Pratique des Hautes Études, les conférences de Gaston Pâris sur les gloses de Reichenau et les cours de latin vulgaire donnés par Antoine Thomas. En 1897 il passe l’agrégation de grammaire.
De 1897 à 1900 Mario Roques est pensionnaire de la Fondation Thiers où il a pour camarades notamment Péguy, Mathiez, W. Marçais, Simiand et Dufourcq. De cette époque date un engagement socialiste qui se manifeste par la fondation en 1899, avec Hubert Bourgin, Léon Blum, Étienne Burnet, Lucien Herr, Albert Monod, Désiré Roustan et Péguy, de la Société nouvelle de librairie et d'édition, société anonyme à capital variable qui édita de nombreux ouvrages dont la plupart étaient à caractère polémique ou socialiste (Jean Jaurès, Léon Blum), notamment à travers la collection Bibliothèque socialiste ainsi que la revue Notes critiques (qui paraît de 1900 à 1906). Elle sera liquidée en 1929, Mario Roques sera avec Maurice Loéwé l’un des liquidateurs et les profits de la liquidation seront attribués à l'édition des oeuvres complètes de Lucien Herr. Mario Roques sera aussi brièvement, de mars à mai 1911, chef du secrétariat particulier d’Ernest Monis, président du conseil, qui sera grièvement blessé le 25 mai 1911 lors d’une manifestation aérienne à Issy-les-Moulineaux. Il fera partie plus tard, en 1915-1917, du cabinet du secrétaire d'État puis au ministre de l'Armement du député socialiste Albert Thomas.
Avec la bourse de la fondation Thiers, Roques, sous la direction de Gaston Pâris, se livre à des dépouillements presque complets de textes de l’époque mérovingienne. Il étudie la littérature française du Moyen Age, le latin épigraphique et le bas-latin et s'occupe des inscriptions et des plus anciennes chartes latines d'Espagne. A l'École nationale des Langues orientales vivantes, avec Émile Picot, il poursuit des études de roumain, et fait deux voyages d’études en Roumanie. En 1900, il passe le diplôme de l'École nationale des Langues orientales vivantes.
En 1901 il est chargé simultanément de conférences de « grammaire historique de la langue française » à l'École Normale Supérieure et de la conférence de « latin vulgaire » à l'École pratique des Hautes Études. Il succède en 1903 à son maître Gaston Pâris à l'École pratique des Hautes Études pour l'enseignement de la philologie romane, se partageant désormais entre le latin vulgaire, la grammaire comparée des langues romanes et l'ancien français. En 1907, il remplace à l'École nationale des Langues orientales vivantes Émile Picot qu'il a déjà supléé en 1905-1906. Ayant recueilli sa succession en 1910, il démissionne de la Faculté des Lettres où il avait été transféré avec le personnel de l'École Normale ; il y est rappelé en 1912, à titre de chargé de cours, lorsque est créé, avec les subsides du gouvernement roumain, l'Institut de Philologie roumaine qu'il est chargé de diriger. En 1919 il ajoutera à son enseignement du roumain celui de l'albanais.
Dès 1910, il fonde aux éditions Honoré Champion la Collection des Classiques français du Moyen Age, où lui-même publiera de nombreux volumes. A cette charge il ajoute en 1911 la direction de la Romania, revue de philologie romane, fondée par Meyer en 1872 avec Gaston Pâris, qu’il dirigera jusqu’à sa mort. En 1912 Roques publie aussi avec Gilliéron des Études de Géographie linguistique.
Pendant la guerre 1914-1918, Mario Roques, d’abord affecté dans l’auxiliaire en raison d’un défaut de vision à l’œil gauche provoqué par une rougeole contractée pendant l’enfance, se fait verser dans le service armé et part en mission pour la Serbie et la Roumanie, à la demande du ministère des Affaires Étrangères, puis en décembre 1914, il gagne le front de Champagne comme canonnier-conducteur au 13e régiment d'artillerie. Il en revient en 1915 sous-lieutenant, pour passer deux ans à organiser le sous-secétariat puis ministère de l'Armement et des Fabrications de guerre, aux côtés d'Albert Thomas, qui présidera ultérieurement aux destinées du Bureau international du Travail de Genève, dont Roques dirigera l'agence parisienne. Roques retourne au front pendant l'année 1918 et finit la guerre avec le grade de lieutenant d'artillerie et décoré de la Croix de guerre.
La guerre finie, Roques reprend ses tâches avec une activité prodigieuse et il se met à publier plus qu'il n'avait fait jusque-là. Il fait paraître, entre autres, en 1925 et 1929 deux éditions successives d' Aucassin et Nicolette, et en 1936, une nouvelle édition, revue et complétée ; en 1931 le Roman du Comte d'Anjou, de Jehan Maillart, dans la Collection des Classiques du Moyen Age ; en 1936 le dictionnaire albanais de 1639 dans la Bibliothèque des Langues orientales vivantes. Suivront plus tard les cinq volumes du Roman de Renart et les trois volumes de Chrestien de Troyes.
Élu à l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres en 1933, il est aussi élu à l’Académie belge de langue et de littérature françaises en 1946. Après avoir été secrétaire de l'École pratique des Hautes Études, 4e section, en 1925, il en devient président en 1937. En 1937-1938, à la retraite de P. Boyer, il devient administrateur temporaire de l'École des Langues orientales vivantes. Élu professeur au collège de France en 1937, il y traite, jusqu'en 1947, ce qui était devenu, avec les années, son sujet de prédilection, l’histoire du vocabulaire français, allant de la Chanson de Roland à Verlaine. En 1944, il devient membre du conseil d'administration du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, en 1946 du Centre universitaire méditerranéen et de l'Institut d'études politiques.
D'autres occupations le font participer à la sauvegarde du Vieux Paris, aux travaux de la Société des Nations, de l'Union Académique Internationale fondée en 1921. Il a fait partie du Comité pour la restauration de Sully-sur-Loire où il possédait une propriété qu'il habitait l'été et plus tard, du Comité parisien de la Libération. Précurseur en ce domaine, Mario Roques a contribué au sauvetage et à l’entrée aux Archives nationales de deux fonds d’archives d’hommes politiques dont il avait été le collaborateur : Ernest Monis et surtout Albert Thomas, ainsi que le fonds de la Société Nouvelle d’Édition de Presse.
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