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Castellane (famille de)

Family | VIe siècle - XXe siècle Identifier: FRAN_NP_051636
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France
Archives nationales

Date of birth:

VIe siècle

Date of death:

XXe siècle

PLACE

Place:

Castellane

Castellane (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

BIOGRAPHY

Biography:

La famille de Castellane est l'une des plus anciennes familles françaises attestées, originaire du village de Castellane en Haute-Provence. Son origine remonterait au VIe siècle. Les sires ou princes de Castellane, ainsi qualifiés dans les chartes des dixième et onzième siècles, possédaient la ville de Castellane, connue depuis l'an 890. En 990, un sire de Castellane obtient de l'empereur Othon III l'érection de cette ville en baronnie et l'inféodation de toutes les terres qu'il avoit conquises ou défendues contre les Sarrasins. A la fin du XIe siècle, les barons de Castellane jouissent d'un pouvoir exceptionnel, à la tête d'un petit État quasi-indépendant où ils exercent le droit de justice et font battre monnaie. La filiation peut être établie dans les actes écrits à partir d'un Boniface, baron de Castellane, qui en 1089 a été choisi pour servir d'arbitre entre les abbés de Saint-Victor de Marseille et de Saint-Honorat de Lérins. En 1229, Boniface III rend hommage au roi de France, comte de Provence, pour la seigneurie de Castellane et ses dépendances. Époux d'Agnès Spata, dont il a deux fils, Boniface, dit de Riez et Boniface, dit Galbert, il est à l'origine de deux grands branches de la famille de Castellane, qui s'est subdivisée en nombreux rameaux et se maintient encore aujourd'hui.

L'auteur de la branche aînée, Boniface, est décapité à Marseille en 1247 pour avoir suscité une révolte des Marseillais contre Charles d'Anjou, comte de Provence. De son mariage avec Alix des Baux, fille du vicomte de Marseille, il laisse deux fils : Boniface, surnommé le prince de Castellane, brillant troubadour, qui accompagne en 1264 Charles d'Anjou dans son expédition de Naples et y laisse la vie ; et Hugues de Castellane, dit des Baux, qui continue la descendance.

La branche ainée s'est divisée à la fin du XIVe siècle en 3 grands rameaux : 1) les Castellane, sgrs d'Allemagne, d'où sont issus les Castellane, sgrs de Saint-Juez ; on compte parmi eux Françoise de Castellane, mère du connétable de Lesdiguières, le maréchal Marc-Antoine de Castellane (XVIIe siècle) ; ce rameau s'est éteint au XIXe siècle avec Alexandrine-Claire de Castellane de Saint-Juers († 1866), héritière du château de Grimaud, qui épousa en 1809 le marquis de Lagoy ; 2) les Castellane-Mazaugues qui s'éteignirent avec Surléon de Castellane-Mazaugues, évêque de Toulon en 1786 et le neveu de celui-ci, Boniface, marquis de Castellane-Mazaugues († 1853) et sa soeur, la marquise de Pontevès-Bargême († 1857) ; 3) les Castellane, sgrs de Chaudon.

Jean de Castellane, auteur du troisième rameau de la branche aînée, reçoit du roi René en 1435 la seigneurie de Chaudon. De lui sont issus à la fin du XVIe siècle deux grands sous-rameaux encore existant : les Castellane-Norante et les Castellane-Majastre.

Boniface de Castellane, auteur de la branche cadette, reçut en partage les terres de Salernes, Montauroux, Entrecasteaux. La branche cadette se divise au début du XIVe siècle en plusieurs rameaux. L'un des plus réputés est celui des comtes de Grignan. Son auteur, Gaspard de Castellane, baron d'Entrecasteaux, épouse en 1498 Blanche Adhémar de Monteil, fille du baron de Grignan. Leur fils Gaspard de Castellane, baron d'Entrecasteaux, ambassadeur à Rome, marié en 1529 à Anne de Tournon, recueille les biens et prend le nom et les armes de la famille d'Adhémar de Monteil. De lui est issu François de Castellane d'Adhémar de Monteil, comte de Grignan, marié à Mme de Sévigné, qui meurt en 1714, ne laissant qu'une fille, la marquise de Simiane († 1737).

Le sous-rameau des Castellane seigneurs de Novéjean s'est particulièrement distingué. Michel-Ange, comte de Castellane, a été maréchal de camp, ambassadeur de Louis XV auprès de la Sublime Porte. Il laisse deux fils, dont le plus jeune, Jean-Armand, aumonier du roi, évêque de Mende en 1768, a fait partie des victimes du massacre des prisons de Versailles en septembre 1792. Son frère aîné, Esprit-Henri, marquis de Castellane, marquis de Villandry a été lieutenant-général des armées du roi. Son fils Boniface-André de Castellane-Novéjean (1758-1837), député de la noblesse aux États-Généraux de 1789, lieutenant général du roi en 1816, est créé baron d'Empire en 1810, marquis en 1829 et fait grand officier de la Légion d'honneur. Il a épousé en premières noces Adélaïde de Rohan-Chabot et en secondes noces Alexandrine de Rohan-Chabot.

Esprit-Boniface, comte de Castellane (1788-1862), son fils, a fait les campagnes d'Espagne, d'Allemagne, de Russie et de France (1808-1812). Il est pair de France en 1837, sénateur sous le Second Empire, maréchal de France en 1852. Il épouse en 1813 Cordélia Greffulhe. La fille du maréchal, Sophie de Castellane (1818-1904), épouse Henri, marquis de Contades (1814-1858), attaché d'ambassade, député du Cantal, puis Victor, comte de Beaulaincourt de Marles (1820-1860), attaché militaire près l'ambassade de France en Prusse. Le fils du maréchal, Henri-Boniface, comte de Castellane (1814-1847), est auditeur au Conseil d'État, conseiller général et député du Cantal de 1844 à 1867. Il épouse en 1839 Pauline de Talleyrand-Périgord. Il est décédé au château de Rochecotte (Indre-et-Loire) en 1847. Il est le grand-père du comte Boni de Castellane (1867-1932), député des Basses-Alpes de 1898 à 1910, qui rachète le château de Grignan et épouse l'américaine Anna Gould. Il est connu pour les fastueuses réceptions qu'il organisait à Paris. Son frère Stanislas de Castellane (1875-1959) épouse en 1901 Nathalie Terry.


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