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École centrale des arts et manufactures (Paris)

Corporate body | 1829 - janvier 2015 Identifier: FRAN_NP_051537
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France
Archives nationales

Date of foundation:

1829

Date of closing:

janvier 2015

Alternative names:

ECAM

ECP

École centrale Paris (1829-2015)

PLACE

Place:

Hôtel de Juigné

Juigné (hôtel de)

Role of the place:

Lieu de Paris

Place:

Rue Montgolfier

Montgolfier (rue)

Role of the place:

Lieu de Paris

Place:

campus de Châtenay-Malabry

Châtenay-Malabry (Hauts-de-Seine)

Role of the place:

Lieu général

Date:

1969 - janvier 2015

LEGAL STATUS

Legal status:

établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel

FUNCTION

Function:

formation

Note:

formation d'ingénieurs pour l'industrie et l'informatique

Function:

recherche

MANDATE

Note:

Loi du 19 juin 1857 « approuvant la convention acceptée par Alphonse Lavallée et ses enfants pour cession de l’École centrale des arts et manufactures » (https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000522546)

Loi du 9 juillet 1915 attribuant la personnalité civile à l’École centrale des arts et manufactures (https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868911)

Loi du 28 septembre 1946 inscrivant l'école centrale des arts et manufactures au nombre des écoles nationales supérieures de l'enseignement technique (https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000314158)

Décret n° 47-907 du 24 mai 1947 portant organisation de l'école centrale des arts et manufactures (https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000849387)

Décret n° 59-1227 du 27 octobre 1959 relatif à l’organisation de l’école centrale des arts et manufactures (https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jo_pdf.do?id=JORFTEXT000000489503)

Loi n° 84-52 du 26 janvier 1984 sur l’enseignement supérieur (dite « Loi Savary ») (https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000692733)

Décret n° 2014-1679 (NOR : MENS1423403D) du 30 décembre 2014 portant création de CentraleSupélec (ELI : https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2014/12/30/MENS1423403D/jo/texte)

STRUCTURE

Note:

Liste des directeurs de l’École centrale :

1829-1862 : Alphonse Lavallée

1862-1867 : Auguste Perdonnet

1867-1871 : Jules Petiet

1871-1882 : Napoléon Solignac

1882-1892 : Alcide Cauvet

1892-1895 : Francisque Reymond

1895-1910 : Paul Buquet

1910-1920 : Ernest Noël

1920-1922 : Adrien Bochet

1922-1945 : Léon Guillet

1945-1948 : Casimir Monteil

1948-1952 : Édouard Callandreau

1952-1962 : Georges Poivilliers

1962-1963 : Roger Boucheron

1963-1965 : Jacques Fougerolles

1965-1967 : Roger Boucheron

1967-1978 : Jean-Jacques Baron

1978-2003 : Daniel Gourisse

2003-2015 : Hervé Biausser, qui devient à partir de janvier 2015 le directeur de CentraleSupélec, nouvel établissement issu de la fusion de Centrale et Supélec

HISTORICAL NOTE

Historical note:

De la création à la cession à l’État

L'École centrale Paris — dont le nom officiel est École centrale des arts et manufactures — est une école d'ingénieurs française fondée en 1829 par l’homme d'affaires Alphonse Lavallée et par trois scientifiques, Jean-Baptiste Dumas, Eugène Péclet et Théodore Olivier, sur une initiative privée. C'est l'une des plus anciennes et des plus prestigieuses de France. Ses élèves et anciens élèves sont appelés « Centraliens ».

L’objectif est de former les « médecins des usines et des fabriques » au sein d’une école pouvant accueillir de 300 à 400 élèves. Alphonse Lavallée en assure la gestion et la direction jusqu’en 1862.

Dans un premier temps, l’école s’installe à l’Hôtel de Juigné, dont Lavallée signe une convention de location pour 20 ans dès décembre 1828, ce qui permet de préparer une première rentrée pour novembre 1829.

L’École centrale des arts et manufactures de Paris est inaugurée le 3 novembre 1829, et les premiers cours sont donnés le 20 novembre. Cette première promotion compte 147 inscrits, dont 17 sortent diplômés en 1832.

Malgré l’ambition des fondateurs et l’investissement de chacun dans la gestion de l’établissement, le contexte politique (les Trois Glorieuses, la Restauration) et social de l’époque (l’épidémie de choléra qui touche même Lavallée et sa famille) impacte directement l’école. Ce sont cependant les difficultés financières qui freinent le plus Lavallée. Face à l’impossibilité de redresser les finances, Alphone Lavallée fait appel à son beau-père, Pierre Laurans, pour l’aider à sauver l’école. Il en résulte la résiliation de l’acte de fondation. Alphonse Lavallée devient le seul et unique propriétaire de l’école et conserve sa position de directeur. Il est alors secondé par un conseil des études, dont Jean-Baptiste Dumas est à la tête.

Les affaires financières ne sont pas les seuls obstacles à la pérennité de l’établissement. Conscient que ni lui, ni les autres fondateurs ne peuvent œuvrer éternellement, Lavallée commence à réfléchir à l’avenir de l’école après son départ. Dans une lettre de mars 1846 au ministre de l’Agriculture et du Commerce, Lavallée écrit « Les fondateurs de l’École centrale, jaloux de voir leur ouvrage se perpétuer dans l’avenir d’une manière apurée contre tous les événements, de doter leur pays d’une institution qu’ils regardent comme indispensable aux progrès de son industrie […] viennent en offrir la propriété à l’état. ». Afin de défendre ce projet auprès du roi, il contacte le même mois le ministre de l’Instruction publique afin de recevoir « le concours bienveillant de l’université, que nous avons été fiers d’obtenir à l’époque ». Les tensions sociales et l’instabilité politique ont dû suspendre les projets de Lavallée, et il faut attendre 1855 et sa lettre à Napoléon III du 25 février 1855 pour que le projet de cession de l’école à l’État entre dans une phase de négociation. L’offre n’est pas acceptée tout de suite par le gouvernement, qui estime que l’école peut continuer à vivre sans être sous tutelle, et surtout que son fonctionnement et sa réussite doivent continuer à être un exemple pour les autres écoles d’ingénieurs. Au final, Lavallée doit verser un fonds de réserve et le 19 juin 1857 Napoléon III signe la loi « approuvant la convention acceptée par Alphone Lavallée et ses enfants pour cession de l’École centrale des arts et manufactures ». La cession devient effective le 1er octobre 1857.

Le premier déménagement et le legs Leroy

L’installation de l’école au sein de l’hôtel de Juigné suivait l’objectif de créer une école pouvant accueillir jusqu’à 400 élèves. Les effectifs atteignent ce stade dès 1860 : les locaux sont alors trop exigus, et largement inadaptés pour toutes les évolutions scientifiques. Il faut néanmoins attendre 1874 pour que la commission de l’école, nommée par le ministère de l’Agriculture et du Commerce, se prononce en faveur du transfert.

La construction des nouveaux bâtiments se fait sur un terrain du marché Saint-Martin cédé par la ville de Paris. Elle est menée par deux architectes et anciens centraliens, René Deminuid (promotion 1858) et Jules Denfer (promotion 1861). Les nouveaux locaux permettent le développement des effectifs jusqu’à 800 élèves, ainsi qu’une évolution de la pédagogie et de l’expérimentation scientifique (création de laboratoires supplémentaires). Les locaux de la rue Montgolfier sont inaugurés le 4 novembre 1884.

« Qu’elle nous paraissait magnifique, cette nouvelle École, et de belles proportions ! Autour d’une grande cour, s’élevaient les bâtiments à quatre étages ; larges escaliers, vastes amphithéâtres, salles de dessin spacieuses, laboratoires de chimie installés suivant les indications de Dumas lui-même. Pour les trois promotions, un seul réfectoire, avec deux cuisines. Partout l’électricité. Ce que nous acquérions ainsi, nous faisait mieux comprendre ce qui nous avait manqué dans l’Hôtel de la rue Thorigny » (Maurice Donnay).

En 1925, Anaïs Leroy, fils d’Amable Leroy (promotion 1845), n’étant pas mariée, et sans enfant, décide de faire de l’École centrale son légataire universel. L’école hérite donc de toute sa fortune et de quelques terrains à Paris. Les terrains du boulevard Diderot sont destinés à accueillir la Maison des élèves, avec une capacité de 500 lits. Sur les terrains de la rue Cîteaux, deux nouveaux laboratoires sont construits.

Le deuxième déménagement : Châtenay-Malabry

Malgré les nombreuses réhabilitations des locaux rue Montgolfier, les espaces ne sont plus adaptés aux nouveaux objectifs pédagogiques de l’école et à l’accueil des étudiants.

Dès la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale est envisagé le déménagement de l’école en banlieue parisienne, mais c’est seulement en 1956 qu’une commission est mise en place.

La décentralisation de l’école à Châtenay-Malabry débute avec la pose de la première pierre en 1965.

La pédagogie vue par l’École centrale

Entre 1967 et 1971 ont lieu la réorganisation des enseignements du tronc commun des études et la création d’un centre de formation continue.

L’année 1968 voit naître les départements d’enseignements, ainsi que les premières réunions informelles de la conférence des grandes écoles dont les statuts apparaissent en 1973. Cette conférence est créée pour faire évoluer, dans l’intérêt général des écoles, les formations initiales et continues. Elle cherche aussi à promouvoir les écoles auprès des entreprises et de l’international.

La professionnalisation des études débute en 1974 par l’introduction de stages ouvriers en 2e année, puis vient en 1981, pour les étudiants en 1re année, le concept de stage « piscine ». La professionnalisation des cursus s’affine via la création d’un diplôme d’études supérieures professionnelles en 1985 et la métamorphose des options en mastères spécialisés à partir de 1987. En 1989, l’école entame son premier cycle de formation continue dans le domaine de la santé et aboutit en 1994 à un pôle santé.

L’ouverture et la modernisation de l’école s’accomplissent grâce à des actions telles que l’informatisation du campus entre 1989 et 1995 et la multiplication des partenariats avec les universités étrangères à partir de 1975.

Le rôle de l’entreprise

À partir des années 1980, les actions pour entretenir les relations avec les entreprises se multiplient. Parmi les plus importantes : le forum « Centrale Entreprise », créé en 1981, et les « entretiens de Centrale » où des dirigeants d’entreprise viennent présenter leur parcours et leur réussite.

À ce dispositif s’ajoute en 1990 la création au sein de l’école d’une direction du développement et des relations extérieures. Celle-ci contribue notamment au lancement des partenariats pédagogiques industriels.

La création d’entreprise fait l’objet d’une option dans le cursus et transparaît à travers la fondation d’un club associant les universités et les entreprises en 1989, et de l’incubateur « Paris-Biotech » en 2000.

La recherche

Entre 1969 et 1979, des laboratoires regroupés en instituts de recherche s’installent et s’organisent au sein de l’école. La recherche se structure en douze laboratoires.

En 1981, l’activité fait naître une direction propre à la recherche dans l’école. Cette fonction se couple à la fondation d’une société nommée Centrale Recherche. Cette dernière concentre son activité sur la gestion des contrats liés à la recherche.

À partir de 1984, l’école se lie au Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS). Le laboratoire « énergétique moléculaire macroscopique et combustion » devient en 1987 une unité propre du CNRS associée à l’école et le laboratoire de « mécanique des sols, structures et matériaux devient une unité mixte en 2000.

En 1985, l’École centrale est habilitée à délivrer le doctorat et une école doctorale au sein de l’établissement naît en 1998 en sciences de l’ingénieur.

L’intergroupe et le développement de l’école à l’internationale

La politique internationale de l’établissement se met en place en 1988. Elle donne lieu en 1991 aux premiers accords de doubles diplômes à l’étranger avec des universités anglo-saxonnes.

L’ouverture de l’école se cristallise autour d’une charte de 1990 instituant un intergroupe des écoles « Centrale ». Ce groupe, composé des écoles « Centrale » de Lille, Lyon, Marseille et Nantes, est rejoint par Pékin en 2005, Mahindra en 2014 et Casablanca en 2015.

En 2002, sont publiés les critères pour labelliser d’une école « Centrale ». À ce groupe s’ajoutent des protocoles d’accord de double-diplôme avec des universités au Brésil et en Chine.

L’École CentraleSupélec

En 2015, l’École CentraleSupélec naît de la collaboration entre l’École centrale Paris et Supélec. Partenaires depuis 1969, ces deux écoles ont intensifié leurs relations autour de nombreux domaines d’enseignement et de projets de recherche.

Elle déménage en 2017 sur le plateau de Saclay, dans le cadre de l'opération d'aménagement de l’université Paris-Saclay.


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This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for Attribution Creative Commons Licence

This object is not or no longer protected by copyright and has been labelled with the Public Domain Mark. It can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication. All possible existing rights in the content are waived, and the object can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution (BY) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object, even commercially, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for Attribution Creative Commons Share Alike Licence

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NoDerivs

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NonCommercial

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, No Derivates (BY-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object, even commercially, as long as no alteration is made to the object and you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial (BY-NC) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike (BY-NC-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and as long as you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivates (BY-NC-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object for non-commercial use only, as long as no alteration is made to the object and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

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