15 septembre 1870
21 août 1872
- Décret n° 53 du 15 septembre 1870 suspendant les membres du Conseil d’État impérial et créant une Commission provisoire chargée de le remplacer.
- Décret du 19 septembre 1870 nommant les membres de la Commission provisoire.
- Décret du 29 septembre 1870 attribuant à la Commission provisoire l'examen des recours contre les décisions rendues par le Conseil des prises.
- Décrets et arrêtés des 3 et 7 octobre 1870 fixant la répartition des travaux de la Commission provisoire entre les différentes formations.
- Arrêté du 1er avril 1871 fixant le siège de la Commission provisoire à Versailles.
- Arrêté du 18 août 1871 fixant le siège de la Commission provisoire à l'hôtel Rothelin.
- Loi du 24 mai 1872 réorganisant le Conseil d'État.
Après la chute du Second Empire et la proclamation de la Troisième République, l'existence du Conseil d’État est remise en cause. Dès le 4 septembre 1870, Léon Gambetta et Jules Simon proposent ainsi au Gouvernement de la Défense nationale de le supprimer. Au terme des débats, le décret n° 53 du 15 septembre 1870 suspend les membres du Conseil d’État impérial et crée une Commission provisoire chargée de le remplacer jusqu'à sa réorganisation. Ce même décret définit la fonction de la Commission provisoire, qui est chargée d'expédier les affaires administratives ou contentieuses « urgentes », et sa composition – huit conseillers d’État et dix maîtres des requêtes nommés par le Gouvernement, sur la proposition du ministre de la Justice, douze auditeurs désignés par voie d'élection par leurs pairs.
Le décret du 19 septembre 1870 acte la nomination des conseillers d’État et de maîtres des requêtes, la désignation du président de la Commission par voie élective et donne à la Commission la possibilité de régler l'ordre et la répartition de ses propres travaux. Louis Caille, ancien secrétaire de la section du Contentieux du Conseil d’État, est nommé secrétaire général de la Commission. La Commission provisoire désigne par la suite plusieurs de ses membres : le président Ferdinand de Jouvencel, le 26 septembre 1870, et douze auditeurs, trois jours plus tard. Le décret du 15 octobre 1870 nomme commissaires du Gouvernement Edmond David et Édouard Laferrière.
La Commission est ainsi divisée en trois sections : deux sections administratives – la section de Législation, de la justice, des affaires étrangères, de l'intérieur, de l'instruction publique, des cultes et des beaux-arts, et la section des Travaux publics, de l'agriculture, du commerce, de la guerre, de la marine, des colonies, de l'Algérie et des finances – et une section du Contentieux. À ces sections s'ajoutent l'assemblée générale administrative et l'assemblée générale délibérant au contentieux, formations d'examen et de jugement des affaires.
Un décret du 29 septembre 1870 attribue à la Commission provisoire l'examen des recours contre les décisions rendues par le Conseil des prises. Les décrets et arrêtés des 3 et 7 octobre 1870 fixent la répartition des travaux de la Commission provisoire entre les différentes formations. Son règlement intérieur, défini par un décret du 3 octobre, est approuvé le même jour par le Gouvernement.
La Commission tient séance du 26 septembre 1870 au 27 juillet 1872. Elle perdure même jusqu'au 21 août 1872, date à laquelle le Conseil d’État – réorganisé par la loi du 24 mai 1872 – est installé. Durant cette période, la Commission connaît trois lieux de résidence. Elle tient ainsi dix-sept séances, du 26 septembre 1870 au 8 mars 1871, au palais d'Orsay, siège du Conseil d’État depuis 1840. À la suite de la proclamation de la Commune, le 18 mars 1871, et de l'occupation du Palais d'Orsay par des gardes nationaux, elle se transporte à Versailles (arrêté en date du 1er avril 1871) où elle tient la première séance de son assemblée générale dès le lundi 3 avril 1871. À son retour de Versailles, la Commission provisoire est installée à l'hôtel Rothelin, qui lui est affecté par un arrêté du 18 août 1871.
Au cours de ses vingt-trois mois d'existence – dont six sont gravement troublés par la guerre et la Commune –, avec effectif réduit, la Commission peut juger au contentieux 934 dossiers et délibérer dans ses formations administratives sur plus de 4 000 affaires (auxquelles s'ajoutent les 38 102 affaires de liquidation de pensions civiles et militaires examinées par la section des Travaux publics), dont 985 sont examinées en assemblée générale. Parmi ces affaires administratives, les plus nombreuses sont celles concernant, pour la section de Législation, les dons et legs aux communes et aux établissements publics civils ou religieux ; pour la section des Travaux publics, la liquidation de pensions civiles et militaires, mais aussi l'examen de la régularité des délibérations de conseils généraux en matière d'octrois municipaux consécutifs à la loi du 10 août 1871 sur les conseils généraux.
En dépit de la volonté initiale de modifier en profondeur le Conseil d’État, si ce n'est de le supprimer définitivement, la Commission provisoire chargée de le remplacer s'inscrit finalement dans la continuité du Conseil d’État impérial à plusieurs égards. En attestent notamment la structure et l'organisation de la Commission, sa composition et l'hétérogénéité des affaires traitées.
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