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France. Comité de l'extraordinaire des Finances (1791-1792)

Corporate body | 5 décembre 1791 - 2 octobre 1792 Identifier: FRAN_NP_051375
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France
Archives nationales

Date of foundation:

5 décembre 1791

Date of closing:

2 octobre 1792

PLACE

Place:

Paris. Place Vendôme n° 4

Vendôme (place)

Role of the place:

Lieu de Paris

LEGAL STATUS

Legal status:

comité d'assemblée parlementaire

FUNCTION

Function:

comptabilité

Function:

contrôle financier

Function:

financement

Function:

Function:

fiscalité

Function:

liquidation

Function:

législation

MANDATE

Note:

- décret du 24 novembre 1791 relatif à l’organisation des comités de Finances.

- décret du 5 décembre 1791 sur l’organisation des comités de Finances et des Domaines.

- décret du 2 octobre 1792 sur la formation des comités.

STRUCTURE

Note:

En application du décret du 5 décembre 1791, chacun des comités de l’ordinaire et de l’extraordinaire des Finances est composé de vingt-quatre membres, élus pour trois mois, puis renouvelé pour moitié. Les membres de ces deux comités sont élus parmi ceux des autres comités financiers, supprimés par le même décret : « Pour opérer dès à présent cette réduction, chacun des quatre comités de la Dette publique & Caisse de l’Extraordinaire, de la Trésorerie nationale, de la Dépense publique & des Contributions publiques, se réduira lui-même par la voie du scrutin dans les proportions suivantes :

Savoir, le comité de la Trésorerie nationale, à six membres, & les trois autres, chacun à quatorze membres.

Ces différents membres conservés, savoir les quatorze membres du comité de la Caisse de l’extraordinaire, cinq des Contributions publiques & cinq des Dépenses publiques, formeront le comité de l’extraordinaire des Finances ».

Le 8 avril 1792, l’Assemblée procède au renouvellement des membres du comité. Sont élus : Cailhasson, Jean Debry, Espariat, Boscary, Fouquet, Haussmann, Cartier-Douineau, Ballet, Vérité, Duphénieux, Bordas et Quinette.

GENERAL CONTEXT

Note:

En matière de finances publiques, l’Ancien Régime se caractérise par l’absence de budget (perçu comme la principale cause de l’opacité du système), l’instabilité des contrôleurs généraux des Finances à la veille de la Révolution et l’existence d’institutions de contrôle des comptes d’une efficacité très relative. Au cours de la dernière décennie d’Ancien Régime, le pouvoir royal inaugure toutefois des mesures de réorganisation de l’administration des Finances, notamment en faveur des particuliers avec la création du « comité contentieux des Finances près le Conseil du Roi » (1777–1791), qui peut être défini comme réunion officieuse de ministres. D’autres comités de l’exécutif sont créés dans les années suivantes : le « comité des Finances pour la liquidation de la guerre d’Amérique » (1783), un « comité des Finances » chargé de préparer les matières à porter au Conseil du Roi (1787), le « comité consultatif pour la discussion des plans relatifs à l’amélioration des Finances et l’ordre du service du Trésor royal » (1788) et, enfin, le « comité contentieux des départements » chargé du contentieux administratif (9 août 1789 – 27 avril 1791).

Dans le domaine financier, comme dans nombre d’autres, la révolution juridique de l’été 1789 s’appuie sur la dynamique en cours. En outre, la Constituante tient à assurer la continuité des engagements de l’État et se charge donc d’apurer la dette publique héritée, consciente que le respect des créanciers de l’État est un élément essentiel à la construction d’une politique de la confiance. Elle n’en définit pas moins des principes nouveaux, dont les trois principaux en matière financière sont les suivants :

1° le vote annuel des contributions par les représentants de la nation : contestant au roi ce pouvoir régalien, l’Assemblée nationale déclare « nuls et illégaux tous les impôts existants comme établis sans le consentement de la nation » (art. 14 de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen). Le corollaire du principe du vote des recettes étant le vote des dépenses, les constituants font du contrôle des deniers publics une prérogative du pouvoir législatif et décrètent, « comme principe constitutionnel, que nulle créance sur le Trésor public ne peut être admise parmi les dettes de l’État qu’en vertu d’un décret de l’Assemblée nationale sanctionné par le Roi » (décret du 17 juillet 1790). Il revient au comité de Liquidation de vérifier la légitimité des créances arriérées présentées à l’Assemblée.

2° le refus de toute inquisition fiscale : l’impôt ne peut être établi qu’en fonction des signes extérieurs de richesse.

3° l’égalité entre les citoyens impose le respect d’une stricte proportionnalité de l’impôt, ce qui exclut toute progressivité.

Forte de ces principes, l’Assemblée constituante adopte en 1790-1791 un système simple, inspiré par les idées économiques des physiocrates, composé de trois contributions directes (foncière, personnelle et mobilière, patente) et marqué par la suppression de l’impopulaire fiscalité indirecte.

Toutefois, sous la Constituante, il n’existe pas de véritable budget. La première estimation du comité des Finances, présentée à l’Assemblée dans la séance du 18 novembre 1789, n’est qu’un avant-projet de budget ; de même, le décret du 18 février 1791, qui « règle les fonds nécessaires aux dépenses de l’année 1791 », ne peut être considéré que comme linéament. Il ne peut, en effet, être question de dresser et de discuter un budget régulier qu’une fois arrêtés, non seulement les bases de la comptabilité et des finances publiques, mais encore tous les détails du nouveau régime, politique, administratif, judiciaire, etc., que la Constituante a pour mission de mettre sur pied. C’est donc à la Législative seulement qu’on pourra demander d’arrêter le premier budget normal.

Sous la Constituante, le Trésor public exerce donc le véritable pouvoir financier de l’État : loin de se réduire au rôle d’exécutant de prescriptions budgétaires, cette administration possède l’initiative et la direction. L’Assemblée nationale a pour interlocuteur principal Dufresne, directeur général et « ordonnateur du Trésor public ». C’est ce dernier qui dresse, dès la fin de 1789, des aperçus partiels de recettes et de dépenses à faire et qui réclame des subsides extraordinaires à l’Assemblée, ce qui donne lieu à des décrets de versement de fonds depuis la Caisse de l’extraordinaire vers le Trésor.

Le contrôle exercé par l’Assemblée nationale sur cette administration s’aggrave, au début de 1791, lorsque les constituants, soucieux d’ériger le Trésor au-dessus et indépendamment de tous les départements ministériels, décident de donner un nouveau statut au Trésor public, sous la dénomination de Trésorerie nationale : son administration est confiée à dix commissaires nommés par le Roi réunis en un « comité de Trésorerie » et chargés de régler souverainement 1° la recette journalière, 2° les dépenses diverses, 3° la comptabilité publique. Organisé par les décrets des 18 et 27 mars 1791, ce comité de l’exécutif a pour fonction principale de vérifier l’adéquation entre les demandes de fonds émanant des ministres et les fonds qui leur sont attribués par décrets. Les commissaires doivent, en outre, adresser chaque mois à l’Assemblée un état des recettes et des dépenses de la Trésorerie.

Les recettes sont constituées, d’une part, des rentrées domaniales et fiscales (revenus des domaines, bénéfices des postes et messageries, produits des impôts) et, de l’autre, des « secours » en papier monnaie versés par la Caisse d’escompte puis, à partir de décembre 1790, par la Caisse de l’extraordinaire.

Quant aux dépenses, elles sont en augmentation constante en 1790 et 1791. Cela résulte, pour une grande part, de la volonté de la Constituante de liquider l’arriéré afin de revenir à une situation financière normale. La double création de la Caisse de l’extraordinaire (6 décembre 1790) et de la direction générale de la Liquidation (16 décembre 1790) vise précisément à liquider la dette publique à l’aide des assignats.

Dès lors, le budget se divise en deux – l’ordinaire (celui du Trésor) et l’extraordinaire (celui de la Caisse du même nom). Bien que ces deux organes soient en collaboration constante, cette organisation bipartite s’oppose au principe d’unicité budgétaire. La situation est rendue encore plus périlleuse, d’une part, par la forte imprévisibilité des initiatives parlementaires et par son corollaire, l’impossibilité de dresser des états prévisionnels, en dépense comme en recette, et, d’autre part, par le vote de dépenses considérables (armée, marine et colonies, traitements du clergé, etc.), totalement déconnectées des ressources. Le mirage de l’assignat, créé le 17 avril 1790, n’a pu qu’encourager la largesse des dépenses publiques, couvertes théoriquement par la manne des domaines nationaux.

Toutefois, la Constituante a apporté des innovations essentielles et a profondément modifié la physionomie des comptes publics. Les anciennes chambres des comptes cessent leurs fonctions à l’été 1791 (décret des 4 juillet et 25 août 1791) ; les scellés sont apposés sur leurs greffes, dépôts et archives.

HISTORICAL NOTE

Historical note:

Ce comité est créé par le décret du 5 décembre 1791, qui ordonne le regroupement des comités financiers établis au mois d’octobre précédent et leur réduction à deux comités, l’un, de l’ordinaire, l’autre, de l’extraordinaire des Finances :

« VI. Au lieu des comités précédemment établis sous le nom de comités de la Dette publique & de la Caisse de l’extraordinaire, de la Trésorerie nationale, des Contributions publiques, & des Dépenses publiques, il sera formé seulement deux comités sous le nom, l’un de comité de l’ordinaire des Finances, l’autre sous celui de comité de l’extraordinaire des Finances. Ces deux comités s’occuperont respectivement des objets ci-après indiqués, & néanmoins ils seront tenus de se réunir toutes les fois qu’il y aura lieu d’établir la balance de la dette & des ressources, des dépenses & des recettes, de déterminer ou de changer le mode & les termes des engagements ou de la libération de l’État, en sorte qu’il ne soit présenté à l’Assemblée nationale aucun rapport sur ces matières, qu’ensuite d’un travail fait en commun par ces deux comités ; auquel effet, les deux comités se rassembleront sans délai, pour déterminer de concert les parties de renseignement que chacun d’eux s’attachera à recueillir pour les rapporter au travail commun & parvenir à compléter l’état des dettes & ressources de la Nation.

VII. Le comité de l’ordinaire des Finances sera chargé, indépendamment de la surveillance habituelle de la caisse de la Trésorerie nationale, de tout ce qui a rapport aux contributions publiques, & à la fixation des différentes parties de la dépense publique, de l’examen des comptes, aperçus des dépenses & états, distribution des Ministres, de l’examen des comptes sur registres, & états de situation des payeurs & receveurs, des reprises & poursuites à faire, contre les débiteurs du Trésor public, & généralement de toutes opérations relatives aux fonctions attribuées aux commissaires de la Trésorerie nationale, ainsi que de la proposition des lois à former pour y maintenir l’ordre & la régularité du service.

VIII. Le comité de l’extraordinaire des Finances sera chargé, indépendamment de la surveillance de la Caisse de l’extraordinaire, de l’examen des états de recette & dépense de cette caisse, de ceux concernant les ventes, régies & emplois des biens nationaux, des difficultés qui pourraient naître à l’occasion de l’aliénation de ces biens & de leur revendication par des tiers, des états de liquidation faits & à faire, de tout ce qui a rapport à la circulation, émission & brûlement de papier monnaie ; des mesures à prendre pour la fabrication à l’avance de ce papier, & généralement de tout ce qui est & sera payé par ladite Caisse de l’extraordinaire.

IX. Les deux comités de l’ordinaire & de l’extraordinaire des Finances, indépendamment de leurs assemblées particulières, seront tenus de se réunir le premier de chaque mois, à l’effet de présenter à l’Assemblée nationale un rapport par aperçu sur le progrès du travail, sur la situation de la recette & dépense, & l’état général des Finances. »

On aura noté que l’article VII entérine le transfert des attributions du comité d’Aliénation de la Constituante, supprimé, vers celui de l’extraordinaire des Finances, qui se trouve ainsi chargé des rapports sur les projets de décrets concernant les biens nationaux, la Caisse de l’extraordinaire et les assignats.

La Convention nationale achève la rationalisation inaugurée par l’Assemblée législative : un décret du 2 octobre 1792 sur la formation des comités ordonne « la réunion en un seul, sous le nom de comité des Finances, des trois comités de l’ordinaire, de l’extraordinaire des Finances et des Assignats et monnaies, sauf à ce comité à se diviser en sections, suivant que ses travaux l’exigeront ».


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This object is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication. All possible existing rights in the content are waived, and the object can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution (BY) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object, even commercially, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for Attribution Creative Commons Share Alike Licence

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NoDerivs

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NonCommercial

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, No Derivates (BY-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object, even commercially, as long as no alteration is made to the object and you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial (BY-NC) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike (BY-NC-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and as long as you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivates (BY-NC-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object for non-commercial use only, as long as no alteration is made to the object and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

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