7 mars 1853
12 avril 1907
Comité des édifices diocésains et paroissiaux
France. Comité des inspecteurs généraux des travaux diocésains (1853-1907)
Décret impérial du 7 mars 1853
Arrêté du 15 mars 1853
Arrêté du 26 décembre 1878
Décret du 18 mai 1888 modifie le titre du comité
Loi de finances du 7 avril 1906 et décret du 7 avril 1906 relatif à la liquidation de l'Administration des Cultes
Décret du 19 avril 1906 rattachement des services d'architecture de la direction des Cultes au sous-secrétariat des Beaux-Arts
Arrêté du 22 avril 1906 création provisoire au sous-secrétariat des Beaux-Arts d'un bureau des édifices cultuels (art.4, les inspecteurs généraux des édifices diocésains prennent provisoirement le titre d'inspecteurs des édifices cultuels)
Décrets des 27 mars et 12 avril 1907 du bureau des édifices cultuels à celui des Monuments historiques
Historiquement après quelques tentatives en 1834, l'arrêté du 20 juin 1840 nomme Jean-Philippe Schmitt, ancien chef de division de la direction des Cultes, inspecteur des cathédrales et autres monuments religieux. Comme l'illustre un rapport du directeur de l'administration des Cultes, Dessauret, en date du 30 juillet 1841 présenté au Garde des Sceaux, le rapport de Schmitt ne permet pas de prendre en compte l'état des entreprises en cours d'exécution et donc les dépenses supportées par l'administration, ni la manière dont les agents accomplissent leurs obligations ou les manquements dans le contrôle des dépenses. La création d'une nouvelle instance doit donc prendre à revers ces lacunes.
Initialement, le Comité se compose des trois inspecteurs généraux et bénéficie du secrétaire de la Commission des arts et édifices religieux, rattachés directement au directeur général. Par l'arrêté du 17 novembre 1857, le secrétaire est placé sous la responsabilité du chef de la seconde division, ce dernier siégeant dorénavant au Comité. Puis successivement, par le décret du 18 février 1862 se surajoutent le sous-directeur des cultes non catholique assurant la vice-présidence du Comité et, ne disposant que d'une voix consultative, le chef du bureau des édifices diocésains et celui des travaux paroissiaux ; le décret du 18 mai 1888 accorde une voix délibérative supplémentaire à l'administration ce qui a pour conséquence de placer les inspecteurs généraux en infériorité lors des votes.
Le traitement courant des affaires s'effectue lors de réunions hébdomadaires, une en moyenne par semaine hors période de vacances du Comité. Les plans et les devis préparés par les architectes diocésains y sont examinés en vue d'accorder la réalisation des travaux proposés dans leur rapport annuel prévisionnel. Le Comité donne son avis sur les questions d'art et de comptabilité des travaux diocésains ainsi que lors de l'examen des demandes de secours formées par les communes relatives aux édifices paroissiaux et consistoriaux, et sur la préparation de la répartition des crédits. En plus des rapports annuels adressés par les architectes diocésains au Comité, les inspecteurs généraux renforcent l'expertise sur l'état des bâtiments, la convenance et la bonne exécution des projets des architectes et la régularité des dépenses en effectuant une visite et un rapport annuel adressé au ministre de tutelle (suivant les rattachements Justice, Intérieur ou Instruction publique). L'afflux des dossiers à traiter étant considérable pour les inspecteurs généraux nommés, exercant en même temps la fonction d'architecte diocésain dans un ou plusieurs diocèses, une décision du 19 mai 1853 transfère les auditeurs de la Commission des arts et édifices religieux près du Comité. Ces auditeurs, souvent de jeunes architectes, également nommés annuellement prennent part au travail sédentaire, c'est-à-dire assistent aux délibérations avec voix purement consultative et examinent les affaires soumises aux inspecteurs pour en faire un rapport. Initialement, à chaque inspecteur est attribué un auditeur. Grâce à l'arrêté du 26 décembre 1878, un inspecteur général adjoint, choisi parmi les architectes diocésains, est nommé annuellement pour suppléer l'absence, voire au décès d'un inspecteur.
Créé par le décret impérial du 7 mars 1853 et organisé par l'arrêté du 20 mai 1853, le Comité n'abolit pas la Commission des arts et édifices religieux mais permet de surmonter la difficulté de réunir l'ensemble des acteurs. Initialement, il la dote d'un service de trois inspecteurs généraux, des architectes nommés pour un an, siégeant au sein de la Commission des arts et édifices religieux dans la section architecture et sculpture.
Pour l'année 1853, l'arrêté ministériel du 15 mars 1853 désigne les trois inspecteurs généraux suivants : Léonce Reynaud (ingénieur en chef et directeur de l'École des Ponts-et-Chaussées), Eugène Viollet-le-Duc et Léon Vaudoyer (architectes diocésains) auxquels est attribué un ensemble géographique donné défini par l'arrêté du 12 avril 1853.
En réponse à la circulaire du 21 juin 1853, les architectes diocésains ont produit des études préliminaires aux tournées des inspecteurs généraux complétées ensuite par leurs études de terrain. L'objectif étant de rationnaliser les dépenses, aucune dépense imprévue ne doit être engagée sans autorisation. Cette première année est ainsi mise à profit pour rédiger un bilan unique dans l'histoire de la gestion des édifices diocésains. Dans chaque diocèse, un rapport fait état de la situation des bâtiments et du personnel afin de définir les besoins à venir. Ces tournées d'inspection ont donné lieu à la rédaction d'un registre par inspecteur général, dont les originaux sont conservés à la Médiathèque de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine (80/14/86 : Viollet-le-Duc ; 80/14/87 : Vaudoyer ; 80/14/88 : Reynaud) alors que les Archives nationales disposent d'une copie, faite pour le ministre de l'Instruction publique et des Cultes, de chacun de ces registres complétée par une table-index (F/19/*/1822 : Reynaud ; F/19/*/1823 : Vaudoyer ; F/19/*/1824 : Viollet-le-Duc ; F/19/*/1825). Parallèlement aux registres, il résulte également de cette inspection générale de 1853 deux atlas, celui de Léonce Reynaud étant manquant.
Cette tournée initiale a permis de recenser les personnels en place afin de les reconduire dans leur poste ou de les révoquer lors du redéploiement des architectes diocésains en 1854 comme l'illustrent la plupart des dossiers de carrière conservés dans la sous-série F/19. Dans la continuité des travaux de la Commission des arts et édifices religieux, le Comité a mis en place la rationnalisation des travaux de restauration et de construction touchant aux édifices diocésains et les secours des édifices paroissiaux et consistoriaux.
Le Comité se caractérise par sa permanence due à la longévité des inspecteurs généraux qui l'ont constitué puisqu'il n'y a eu que 11 inspecteurs différents pendant son demi siècle d'existence. Notons l'arrêté du 15 février 1882 qui modifie de nouveau la division de la France en 3 circonscriptions d'inspection générale des édifices diocésains (Nord/ Sud-Ouest/ Sud-Est) de 29 diocèses chacune puis le décret du 18 mai 1888 qui modifie le nom du Comité. Avec la Séparation des églises et de l'État, celui-ci se dissout petit à petit dans l'administration des Beaux-Arts puisque les édifices diocésains ne sont plus considérés que pour leur intérêt du point de vue de l'art et perdent tout caractère public. Les inspecteurs généraux des édifices diocésains changent de titre par l'article 4 de l'arrêté du 22 avril 1906, créant provisoirement au sous-secrétariat un bureau des édifices cultuels, en devenant inspecteurs des édifices culturels jusqu'à la promulgation du décret du 12 avril 1907 portant réunion des édifices cultuels aux monuments historiques.
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