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Commission de répartition des allocations pour les travaux et constructions des Cultes

Corporate body | 7 mars 1848 - 10 mars 1853 Identifier: FRAN_NP_051008
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France
Archives nationales

Date of foundation:

7 mars 1848

Date of closing:

10 mars 1853

Alternative names:

Commission de répartition des fonds de subventions pour les travaux des édifices diocésains

Commission de répartition des fonds de subventions pour les travaux des cathédrales, églises, presbytères et temples

Commission des arts religieux

Commission des arts et édifices religieux

France. Commission des arts et édifices religieux (1848-1853)

PLACE

Place:

Paris

Vendôme (place)

Role of the place:

Lieu de Paris

LEGAL STATUS

Legal status:

service d'administration centrale

FUNCTION

Function:

Function:

construction

Function:

contrôle

Function:

réglementation

MANDATE

Note:

Arrêté ministériel du 7 mars 1848 portant création d'une Commission de répartition des allocations pour les travaux et constructions des Cultes.

Arrêté du Gouvernement du 16 décembre 1848

Décret du 7 mars 1853 portant réorganisation de la Commission des arts et édifices religieux.

STRUCTURE

Note:

Initialement, la commission se compose de sept membres, y compris le directeur général des Cultes et d'un secrétaire disposant d'une voix délibérative. Elle est présidée par le directeur général (Eugène Durieu de 1848 à 1850; Alphonse de Contencin de 1850 à l’extinction de la commission en 1853).

À partir du décret du Gouvernement du 16 décembre 1848, le ministre préside les séances et en son absence il est suppléé par le directeur général de l’administration des cultes. Le secrétariat est assuré par Alfred Blanche (de l’origine à septembre 1849) puis Charles Bertheault (dès le 26 septembre 1849 – 57e séance), fonction qu’il poursuit au sein du comité des inspecteurs généraux des édifices diocésains.

Les membres se répartissent en quatre puis trois sections : architecture et sculpture, vitraux et ornements religieux, orgue couplé avec la musique religieuse.

La section d'architecture et sculpture change d'appellation lors de la 22e séance pour ne garder que la dénomination de section d'architecture. Le nombre de ses membres est variable et ne fait que s'accroître avec le temps : (1ère séance) Georges Cuvier, Henri Labrouste, Prosper Mérimée, Léon Vaudoyer et Eugène Viollet-le-Duc ; (2e séance) Félix Duban et Hippolyte Fortoul s’y ajoutent. Puis par l'arrêté ministériel du 15 janvier 1849 viennent s'ajouter trois nouveaux membres issus du clergé : Joseph-Marie Graveran, évêque de Quimper et représentant du peuple, Pierre-Auguste Callet, représentant du peuple, Félix Fournier, curé de saint-Nicolas de Nantes et réprésentant du peuple. Nouvelle adjonction le 24 octobre 1849 de trois nouveaux architectes César Daly, Charles-Auguste Questel et Pierre-Joseph Garrez et d’auditeurs nommés pour un an par le directeur général; puis les abbés Marie-Dominique-Auguste Sibour et Philippe Gerbet le 31 octobre 1849, personnalités ecclésiastiques, afin d'éclairer sur les points liturgiques; et enfin les auditeurs nommés à partir de la soixante-cinquième séance (14 novembre 1849) André Berthier, Jules de Mérindol, Léon Ohnet, Victor Ruprich-Robert, Paul Abadie (fils), tous architectes de formation.

La section des vitraux et ornements religieux regroupe quant à elle Eugène Durieu, Fleury, Félix Fournier, Prosper Mérimée, Ferdinand de Guilhermy, Henri Labrouste, Nicolas, Ebelman, Ferdinand de Lasteyrie. Elle jette les bases d’une réflexion uniforme sur la restauration des vitraux et la sollicitation d’un personnel d’intervention qualifié.

Finalement, siègent à la section des orgues et musique religieuse Eugène Durieu, Marie-Pierre Hamel, Philippe Buchez, Ambroise Thomas, Félix Clément, Pierre-Armand Séguier, Louis Dietsch, Georges Bousquet. Elle a pour fonction principale d’améliorer les orgues et de réorganiser les maîtrises.

Cette commission par la grande diversité des compétences représentées offre la possibilité de séances plénières, très rare à cause de la difficulté de réunir autant de personnalités artistiques en même temps (23 août 1849, 17 juin 1850), ou de division en sous-commissions pour l’étude de questions spécifiques comme l'examen de la question du chauffage des séminaires, ou d'un procédé de nettoyage des peintures. De nombreux artistes ont été approchés pour apporter leur pierre à l’édifice, notons par exemple la lettre de refus d’Ingres acquise en vente publique (F/19/4537).

HISTORICAL NOTE

Historical note:

Créée par l’arrêté ministériel du 7 mars 1848, sous l’appellation initiale de "Commission de répartition des allocations pour les travaux et constructions des Cultes", elle prend définitivement le nom de "Commission des arts et édifices religieux" par l'arrêté du Gouvernement en date du 16 décembre 1848. Elle doit sa création au directeur général de l'administration des Cultes Eugène Durieu (1848-1850) sous la direction duquel elle est placée.

À partir de la nationalisation des biens du Clergé (décret du 2 novembre 1789), les édifices cultuels catholiques deviennent propriété de l’État qui doit assumer la prise en charge des frais d’entretien afin de perpétuer le culte. Si la période révolutionnaire revient sur ce décret, la loi du 18 germinal an X (8 avril 1802) a permis de pérenniser un système d’allocation budgétaire en vue d’entretenir ces édifices publics pendant un peu plus d’un siècle. Il en est de même avec les édifices cultuels protestants (Articles organiques, 1802) et israélites (1808).

Si dans un premier temps, la prise en charge des frais d’entretien des édifices diocésains est dévolue aux préfets, elle revient au niveau central par l’intermédiaire du ministère de l’Intérieur (1821-1824) puis du ministère des affaires ecclésiastiques de 1824 à 1848, date de la création de cette commission. Le conseil des bâtiments civils précède donc cette commission dans l’octroi d’un avis circonstancié en matière de construction architecturale.

Elle pose les bases solides de l’organisation de la gestion des travaux aux édifices diocésains (restauration, consolidation, agrandissement mais aussi travaux intérieurs de décorations nécessitant l’autorisation du ministre de tutelle). Les premières séances visent surtout à établir et diffuser des règles précises et uniformes dans l’ensemble des diocèses. Par l'instruction du 25 juillet 1848, issue d'un rapport conjoint de Prosper Mérimée et Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, elle diffuse de nouvelles indications pour dresser les plans, pour rédiger les devis et mémoires, pour adjuger les travaux (modèle de rédaction de cahier des charges en annexe de la circulaire du 30 mars 1850), pour ordonnancer les fonds, en se basant sur des mesures dont l’expérience a déjà prouvé leur efficacité au sein de la commission des monuments historiques.

Cette commission juge de l'opportunité des projets à partir de la documentation fournie : supports graphiques (plan général, coupe, élévation, vue photographique (daguerréotype), au mémoire explicatif, aux devis descriptif et estimatif. Elle rappelle la nécessité d’attachements, organisés méthodiquement, écrits et/ou figurés de tous les ouvrages exécutés pour faciliter la vérification et la liquidation des comptes des travaux. Pour réussir, elle est dotée par l'arrêté du 20 mai 1849 d'un corps d’architectes, formant le service des édifices diocésains, répartis en trente-cinq circonscriptions.

Concernant les édifices paroissiaux et consistoriaux, elle est invitée à donner son avis sur l'opportunité des travaux envisagés et à répartir les subventions de secours. Une sous-commission est même formée pour établir des règles en matière de restauration et surtout de construction d'églises.

En cinq années d'existence, elle a siégé à 186 reprises. L'arrêté ministériel du 7 mars 1853 la réorganise, nomme officiellement au poste de secrétaire Charles Bertheault, lui impose de se réunir en séance au moins deux fois par an et crée le Comité des inspecteurs généraux des édifices diocésains formé par Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, Léon Vaudoyer et Léonce Reynaud. Dans les faits, l’ultime séance a lieu le 10 mars 1853 car elle est supplée par le Comité des inspecteurs généraux, assemblée plus restreinte et donc plus facile à réunir. Pour autant, la commission n'est pas supprimée et le décret de réorganisation n'ait jamais pris effet la concernant.


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