4 mars 1938
Juridiction de dernier ressort, la Cour supérieure d’arbitrage examine les recours pour incompétence, excès de pouvoir ou violation de la loi formés contre les sentences arbitrales et surarbitrales dont elle est saisie (article 13 de la loi du 4 mars 1938).
La Cour supérieure d’arbitrage rend des arrêts. Lorsqu’elle prononce l’annulation d’une sentence arbitrale ou surarbitrale, elle procède à la désignation d’un nouveau surarbitre. Les arrêts de la Cour supérieure d’arbitrage et les sentences surabitrales rendues sur le renvoi qu’elle aura prononcé sont publiés tous les trois mois au Journal officiel (article 15 de la loi du 4 mars 1938). Les décisions de la Cour supérieure d’arbitrage sont lues en séance publique.
Entre 1938 et 1950, la Cour supérieure d'arbitrage comprend le vice-président du Conseil d’État ou un président de section au Conseil d’État, président, deux conseillers d’État, deux hauts magistrats de l’ordre judiciaire, deux hauts fonctionnaires de l’État en activité ou en retraite et, dans certains cas, deux représentants patronaux et deux représentants ouvriers membres de la commission permanente du Conseil national économique (article 14 de la loi du 4 mars 1938). Les membres de la Cour sont nommés par décret pour une durée de deux ans. Outre les membres titulaires, des suppléants doivent être nommés en nombre égal et choisis dans les mêmes catégories que les membres titulaires qu’ils sont appelés à remplacer (décret du 3 avril 1938).
À partir de 1950, La Cour supérieure d'arbitrage est composée du vice-président du Conseil d’État ou d’un président de section au Conseil d’État, en activité ou honoraire, président, de quatre conseillers d’État en activité ou honoraires, et de quatre hauts magistrats de l’ordre judiciaire, en activité ou honoraires. Ses membres sont nommés par décret pour une durée de trois ans. Des maîtres des requêtes ou des auditeurs au Conseil d’État, des conseillers référendaires ou des auditeurs à la Cour des comptes sont adjoints à la Cour en tant que commissaires du gouvernement ou rapporteurs (articles 6 et 7 du décret du 15 mars 1950).
Souveraine de son ordre, la Cour supérieure d’arbitrage est liée au Conseil d’État par son personnel, son siège et son secrétariat (son secrétaire et son secrétaire adjoint sont désignés par le vice-président parmi le personnel des bureaux du Conseil d’État).
À partir de 1950, « tous les conflits collectifs de travail doivent être obligatoirement et immédiatement soumis aux procédures de conciliation » (article 5 de la loi du 11 février 1950). Cette loi met en place un système composé de trois procédures, qui peuvent être complémentaires : une conciliation et une médiation obligatoires, un arbitrage facultatif.
La procédure d’arbitrage, facultative, se déroule soit dans le cadre d’une procédure contractuelle d’arbitrage prévue par la convention collective de travail, soit après la décision par les parties intéressées, d’un commun accord, de soumettre à l’arbitrage les conflits qui subsisteraient à l’issue d’une procédure de conciliation. Dans les deux cas, un procès-verbal de non-conciliation est établi, signé par les parties, mentionnant l’objet du conflit et les points soumis à l’arbitrage. L’arbitre statue sur les objets déterminés dans le procès-verbal de non-conciliation et rend une sentence arbitrale motivée, notifiée aux parties dans les vingt-quatre heures et déposée au secrétariat des prud’hommes. Ces sentences produisent les mêmes effets qu’un accord collectif et ont force obligatoire.
Aux termes des articles 12 à 14 de la loi du 11 février 1950, la Cour supérieure d’arbitrage connaît des recours pour excès de pouvoir ou violation de la loi formés par les parties contre les sentences arbitrales. Comme en 1938, lorsque la Cour prononce l’annulation de tout ou partie d’une sentence arbitrale, elle renvoie l’affaire aux parties qui désignent, si elles en sont d’accord, un nouvel arbitre. Aux termes de l’article 14, dans le cas où la nouvelle sentence, à la suite d’un nouveau pourvoi, fait de nouveau l’objet d’une annulation, la Cour supérieure d’arbitrage charge l’un de ses rapporteurs de procéder à une instruction complémentaire, et rend, dans les quinze jours suivant le deuxième arrêt d’annulation, avec les mêmes pouvoirs qu’un arbitre, une sentence arbitrale qui ne peut faire l’objet d’aucun recours.
La loi du 31 décembre 1936, votée après les grands conflits collectifs de 1936 et sous le gouvernement du Front populaire, ainsi que le décret du 16 janvier 1937 instituent des procédures obligatoires de conciliation et d’arbitrage dans les conflits collectifs du travail. Un peu plus d’un an après, la loi du 4 mars 1938 modifiant celle du 31 décembre 1936 introduit la possibilité pour les parties de saisir une Cour supérieure d’arbitrage des recours contre les sentences arbitrales.
Prévu par la loi du 4 mars 1938, un décret du 3 avril de la même année portant règlement d’administration publique détermine les conditions d’organisation de la Cour et de son secrétariat.
Elle tient sa première séance le 9 mai 1938 dans la salle du Tribunal des conflits. Elle comprend quatre commissaires du gouvernement issus du Conseil d’État et spécialistes des questions sociales : Marcel Fouan, Pierre Laroque, Pierre Tissier et Jean-Pierre Ingrand. En définitive, la Cour supérieure d’arbitrage organisée par la loi du 4 mars 1938 siège de mai 1938 à août 1939 et traite près de 800 affaires. À la date du 20 juillet 1939, on dénombre 1800 affaires pendantes. Suspendue durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la loi du 31 décembre 1936 n’est pas remise en vigueur à la Libération.
La Cour supérieure d’arbitrage est réorganisée par la loi n° 50-205 du 11 février 1950 relative aux conventions collectives et aux procédures de règlement des conflits collectifs de travail.
Le décret n° 50-320 du 15 mars 1950 portant règlement d’administration publique pour l’application des articles 12 à 15 de la loi du 11 février 1950 précise la composition de la Cour supérieure d’arbitrage et son organisation.
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