14 mars 1956
Fédération française des clubs Unesco
Conformément aux statuts de l'association, la fédération est constituée d'un échelon national et de représentations régionales qui constituent le niveau fédéral.
Les instances décisionnelles de l'organisation sont l'assemblée générale (composée des membres de droits, membres adhérents et membres associés), le conseil fédéral, le conseil exécutif (qui comporte le bureau). Il existe un secrétariat national constitué par les personnels rétribués, détachés ou mis à disposition de la Fédération. Enfin, il existe une commission de conciliation et de contrôle.
L’United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation(Unesco, en français « Organisation des nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture ») est une institution spécialisée, dépendante de l’Organisation des Nations unies (ONU). L'Acte constitutif de l'Unesco est signé à Londres le 16 novembre 1945 par 37 pays et ratifié le 4 novembre 1946 par 20 états. Son objectif est de « contribuer au maintien de la paix et de la sécurité en resserrant, par l’éducation, la science et la culture, la collaboration entre nations, afin d’assurer le respect universel de la justice, de la loi, des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales pour tous, sans distinction de race, de sexe, de langue ou de religion, que la Charte des Nations Unies reconnaît à tous les peuples ».
Quelques mois seulement après la fondation de l’Unesco, on assiste à l’éclosion d’un mouvement de soutien à la nouvelle organisation mondiale pour la paix, qui se manifeste par la création de clubs Unesco, principalement au Japon et en France. Le 4 novembre 1949, Jahme Torres Bodet, alors directeur général de l’Unesco, lance un appel en faveur de la création de ces clubs dans les écoles secondaires (collèges et lycées) et les universités, au cours d’une conférence qu’il donne au Centre international d’études pédagogiques de Sèvres pour commémorer le troisième anniversaire de la fondation de l’Unesco.
A la suite de cet appel, le nombre de clubs augmente rapidement, notamment en France. La Commission nationale française pour l’Unesco, créée en 1946 sous le nom « Commission de la République française pour l’éducation, la science et la culture », joue un rôle important dans la création et le soutien aux clubs. Elle est d’ailleurs à l’origine de la création de la Fédération française des clubs Unesco (FFCU) en 1956, notamment par l’action de son secrétaire général Louis François qui en devient le premier président. La FFCU est hébergée dans ses premières années par la Commission française pour l’Unesco, au quai d’Orsay.
D’après les statuts adoptés en 1963, la FFCU a pour objectifs de :
« Favoriser la compréhension internationale conformément aux principes et idéaux de l’Unesco ;
Promouvoir la création en France de clubs Unesco, aider à leur fonctionnement et en assurer le contrôle ; contribuer à la formation civique des membres des clubs en les aidant à s’adapter aux transformations incessantes du monde dans les domaines scientifiques, techniques, économiques et sociaux ;
Etablir des relations avec des organisations similaires pouvant exister dans les pays étrangers ;
Contribuer au développement des activités socio-éducatives dans le cadre scolaire, extra-scolaire ou de l’éducation permanente ;
contribuer à une coordination dans le domaine des relations internationales entre les institutions et associations à caractère éducatif telles que les établissements d’enseignement, maisons de jeunes, comités d’entreprise, centres culturels, etc. qui désirent travailler dans l’esprit de l’Unesco ».
Si l’origine de la FFCU est liée à l’UNESCO et à la Commission nationale française, elle s’inscrit aussi dans les mouvements d’éducation populaire agréés par le ministère de l’Education nationale et le ministère chargé de la Jeunesse et des Sports. Association complémentaire de l’enseignement public, elle est reconnue dès sa création pour sa mission d’éducation civique en aidant à la création et à la coordination des clubs Unesco au sein de la cité comme de l’institution scolaire. Son fondateur Louis François, puis son successeur André Zweyacker, l’un et l’autre inspecteurs généraux de l’Education nationale, ont été les ardents défenseurs de l’instruction puis de l’éducation civique au ministère de l’Education nationale.
En 1964, la fédération imagine un échelon intermédiaire entre le siège national et les clubs de province : le conseil régional. Mais il faut attendre plusieurs années pour que les conseils régionaux jouent un rôle important.
Progressivement, la FFCU prend son indépendance par rapport à la Commission française pour l’Unesco, comme le montre son déménagement en 1963-1964 du quai d’Orsay pour un siège social dans le 5e arrondissement.
Durant les années 1960-1970, la FFCU favorise la création de clubs, qu’elle définit ainsi dans une brochure publiée en mai 1979 : ce sont « des groupements de personnes de tous âges, de tous horizons socioprofessionnels, qui partagent l’idéal de l’Unesco, cherchent à le faire connaître en entreprenant des activités inspirées directement de celles de l’Unesco ». Les clubs se développent principalement dans les établissements du secondaire, comme les collèges et les lycées, mais on en trouve dans des Maisons des jeunes et de la culture, des établissements universitaires, des centres culturels, des comités d’entreprise, etc. Ils s’intéressent aux activités des grandes institutions internationales, aux causes des conflits et à comment trouver des solutions pacifiques, à la lutte pour le désarmement, au développement des pays du Tiers-monde, au respect des droits de l’homme, à l’étude des civilisations, etc. Les clubs étudient les grands problèmes contemporains en réunissant la documentation nécessaire, mènent des enquêtes dans leur ville et dans leur région, organisent des conférences, des débats, des spectacles, des expositions. Ils participent à des journées d’études, des stages d’animation, préparent des voyages d’études à l’étranger, accueillent des groupes de jeunes étrangers, etc.
Dans les années 1980, l’arrivée d’un nouveau gouvernement de « gauche » modifie profondément le système scolaire avec la formation continue des enseignants et la mise en place de projets éducatifs ouverts sur l’éducation au développement et le partenariat nord-sud. La FFCU y participe pleinement ce qui favorise la création de nombreux clubs Unesco engagés dans des projets de coopération et de solidarité internationales. A la fin des années 1990, la modification du contexte politique, économique et social, accroît les difficultés du système scolaire : diminution des subventions et des moyens dans les projets éducatifs. Le nombre des clubs Unesco tend à diminuer au sein des établissements. Par contre, individuellement ou en association, de nombreux adultes demandent leur adhésion dans le mouvement.
EN 2014, la FFCU revendique regrouper plus de 200 Clubs Unesco à travers toute la France, deux tiers en milieu scolaire et un tiers en association de loi 1901 (plaquette de présentation 2012).
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