1922
FCSF
Fédération des centres sociaux et socio-culturels (France)
Nés des premières Maisons sociales puis Résidences sociales, crées par les pionniers de l’action sociale familiales à la fin du 19e siècle, les centres sociaux et socioculturels se sont donnés principalement comme mission d’apporter leurs réponses dans la résolution de la complexe question sociale de l’époque. La famille, dans toute ses dimensions, le cadre local et la démarche de proximité – le voisinage, dans les termes d’alors - forment leur champ d’action privilégié. Pour cela, ils s’efforcent de couvrir le plus complètement possible le quotidien de ces familles ouvrières qui peuplent et animent les quartiers urbains. Ainsi les habitants d’un même voisinage s’y retrouvent pour s’initier à un sport, pratiquer un loisir, parfaire leur culture et bénéficier de services proposés dans des domaines aussi variés que le logement, l’éducation, la médecine préventive, la jeunesse, etc. Après la guerre de 1914-18, les centres sociaux se développent. Ils ont rapidement éprouvé le besoin de s’organiser et se regrouper, d’abord au plan national : en 1922 fut ainsi créée la Fédération des centres sociaux de France, qui s’inscrit dans le mouvement international des Settlements nés en Angleterre (1884) puis aux Etats-Unis (1894). Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, des fédérations départementales et régionales se mettent également en place, passant d’une vingtaine en 1980 à plus de quarante dans les années 2000 et regroupant, respectivement, de 500 à 1200 équipements adhérents.
Parmi les grandes étapes, on peut citer la date de 1952 : une première définition officielle du centre social est proposée avec le rapport Arnion-Mazé sur les centres sociaux français, en réponse à une demande du Conseil économique et social des Nations unies. En 1961, la promotion des centres sociaux est soutenue par l’Etat (circulaire de janvier 1961 relative aux centres sociaux émanant du ministère de la Santé publique et de la population), qui recommande la création de centres sociaux notamment dans les nouveaux ensembles urbains et en milieu rural. Cette circulaire formule une définition du centre social qui s’inscrit en continuité avec celle du rapport précité de 1952. Puis la politique publique développe un financement spécifique par la circulaire d’août 1970 du ministère de la Santé publique et de la Sécurité sociale, dite circulaire « Dienesch ».
Parallèlement, dès 1957, la valorisation des centres sociaux par l’Union nationale des Caisses d’allocations familiales (UNCAF) et les CAF, conduit à un partenariat qui aboutira à la procédure d’agrément du centre social et au financement d’une prestation de service au titre de la fonction d’animation globale et de coordination. Dans les années 1980, avec la décentralisation, l’agrément CNAF devient un contrat de projet pluriannuel négocié localement entre le centre social et la CAF. La CNAF (circulaire du 31 octobre 1995) incite les CAF et les centres sociaux à s’inscrire dans un partenariat élargi et formule neuf repères pour mieux identifier les caractéristiques de l’animation globale. Elle produit enfin, en 2004, un guide pour l’évaluation.
C’est dans les années 1960-1970 que s’est produit un fort développement des équipements, lié à l’animation de la vie sociale urbaine dans les nouveaux ensembles d’habitat social, et associé, d’une part, à la montée des associations intervenant sur le cadre de vie, et, d’autre part, au développement de l’animation socioculturelle et de ses professionnels. En 1964, La FCSF est agréée « jeunesse et sports et éducation populaire ». C’est en 1971 qu’est créé le Syndicat national des associations employeurs de personnel au service des centres sociaux (SNAECSO).
Animés par des habitants, voisins et citoyens, bénévoles et professionnels, ces centres sont principalement gérés par des associations régies par la loi de 1901 (70% environ dans les années 2000), mais aussi des municipalités et des Caisses d’allocations familiales, directement ou en cogestion.
Parmi la multitude de ces associations gérantes, on remarquera entre autres, dans les années 1960-1980, la récurrence des associations gérant plusieurs centres :
Association animation, loisirs familiaux, action sociale (ALFA, voir notice), émanation de la Caisse des dépôts et consignations ;
Logements et promotions sociales (LPS) :
Association pour la gestion à l’animation des équipements résidentiels (APER) ;
Solidarité France migrant (SFM).
La FCSF, dans sa fonction de tête de réseau, a été amenée, au fil des diverses périodes - et notamment avec les changements de perspectives issues des phases successives de la décentralisation -, à approfondir la définition et les pratiques des centres sociaux, de plus en plus sollicités par l’évolution des demandes sociales des populations locales, ainsi que des enjeux sociaux ouverts au fur et à mesures des mutations ou des « crises » économiques, culturelles et sociales. De même, face aux transformations des commandes publiques, exprimées à travers les divers échelons des politiques sociales (famille, éducation, petite enfance, jeunesse, parentalité, insertion, intégration, etc.), la FCSF et le réseau des centres sociaux fédérés ont formulé une définition du centre social et de son action caractérisée en termes de projet de développement social et local. En outre, ils ont affirmé leur volonté de se situer leur action dans le champ de l’éducation populaire et de l’économie sociale et solidaire.
La FCSF conduit son action en participant aux instances de coopération inter-associatives : notamment : Conseil national de la vie associative (CNVA), Fonds de coopération de la jeunesse et de l’éducation populaire, Union nationale interfédérale des oeuvres et organismes privés sanitaires et sociaux (UNIOPSS), Comité pour les relations nationales et internationales des associations de jeunesse et d’éducation populaires (CNAJEP), etc., ainsi qu’auprès de partenaires publics de l’Etat (Affaires sociales, Jeunesse, Culture, etc.) et des institutions de la Sécurité sociale : CNAF et réseau des CAF, etc.
En 2000, une « Charte fédérale des centres sociaux et socioculturels de France » est adoptée par l’AG de la FCSF à Angers, affichant leurs valeurs de référence et leurs façons d’agir.
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