Return to search

Confédération générale des oeuvres laïques (France)

Corporate body | 15 novembre 1866 - Identifier: FRAN_NP_050676
View in original presentation

View context

France
Archives nationales

Date of foundation:

15 novembre 1866

Note:

La Ligue est dissoute en avril 1942 et reprend ses activités après la seconde guerre mondiale.

Alternative names:

Ligue française de l'enseignement

Ligue de l'enseignement (France)

LFEEP-CGOL

Ligue française de l'enseignement et de l'éducation permanente-Confédération générale des oeuvres laïques (1866-....)

LEGAL STATUS

Legal status:

association

FUNCTION

Function:

action sociale

Function:

activité associative

Function:

Function:

formation

Function:

MANDATE

Note:

Décret du 31 mai 1930 portant reconnaissance d'utilité publique de la Ligue française de l'enseignement et de l'éducation permanente

Arrêté du 8 janvier 1985 concédant à la Ligue française de l'ensiegnement et de l'éducation permanente les missions à caractère de service public constituant un prolongement de l'action éducative [en ligne : http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jopdf/common/jo_pdf.jsp?numJO=0&dateJO=19850116&numTexte=&pageDebut=00574&pageFin=]

Arrêté du 19 avril 1985 modifiant l'arrêté du 8 janvier 1985 [en ligne : http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jopdf/common/jo_pdf.jsp?numJO=0&dateJO=19850502&numTexte=&pageDebut=05018&pageFin=]

STRUCTURE

Note:

La Ligue de l’enseignement œuvre dans les domaines de l’éducation, des pratiques artistiques et culturelles, des activités sportives, des vacances et des loisirs, de la formation professionnelle, de l’intervention sociale et de la solidarité, de l’environnement et du développement durable. La Ligue de l’enseignement a pour but de favoriser l’accès de tous à l’éducation, la culture, les loisirs ou le sport en promouvant diverses actions et en participant aux réflexion sur l'évolution de l'école et des enseignements. En 2016, elle gère un réseau de près de 30 000 associations locales regroupées en une centaine de fédérations départementales et en 13 unions régionales. Elle se compose d'un conseil d'administration, d'un bureau, d'un secrétariat national, d'une direction générale des services, ainsi que de pôles thématiques (assurances, formation professionnelle, programmes confédéraux, vacances et séjours éducatifs, fonctions supports).

Elle a eu pour présidents successifs : Jean Macé (1866-1894), Léon Bourgeois (1894-1898), Étienne Jacquin (1898-1902), Ferdinand Buisson (1902-1906), Arthur Charles Dessoye (1906-1919), Daniel Berthelot (1919-1922), François Albert (1922-1933), Joseph Brenier (1933-1942), Albert Bayet (1946-1959), Henri Faure (1959-1973), Jean Grenier (1973-1975), Jean Debiesse (1975-1979), Paul Fahy (1979-1981), Pierre Delfaud (1981-1991), Claude Julien (1991-1998), Roger Lesgards (1998-2001), Jacqueline Costa-Lascoux (2001-2003), Jean-Michel Ducomte (depuis 2003).

HISTORICAL NOTE

Historical note:

La Ligue de l'enseignement est une confédération d'associations françaises d'éducation populaire et laïque. Elle est créée par Jean Macé, journaliste et enseignant pour jeunes filles au pensionnat du Petit-Château à Beblenheim (Alsace). Très impliqué dans la vie politique française, il estime en effet dès 1948, à la suite du coup d'État de Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, qu'« avant d'instituer le suffrage universel, il aurait fallu trente ans d'instruction obligatoire... » afin que chaque électeur puisse jouer pleinement son rôle de citoyen et que tous prennent connaissance des responsabilités que ce nouveau mode de suffrage implique. Le 15 novembre 1866, Jean Macé annonce officiellement la naissance de la Ligue française de l'enseignement. Les trois premiers adhérents sont trois hommes du peuple : un sergent de ville, un conducteur de chemin de fer et un tailleur de pierres.

À partir de 1867, l'association du Cercle parisien adhère à la Ligue française de l'enseignement. Très vite, et bien que les statuts ne mentionnent pas de modifications dans leur fonctionnement, la Ligue et le Cercle parisien unifient leur direction et ne conservent à leur tête qu'un unique président. Jean Macé est choisi au détriment de Camille Flammarion, premier président du Cercle parisien, qui décide de s'effacer devant le fondateur de la Ligue.

Entre 1871 et 1881, le Cercle parisien est utilisé par Jean Macé comme organe central pour la Ligue, dont l'existence ne peut pas être reconnue officiellement, suite au refus des pouvoirs publics de la doter de statuts officiels. Au cours de cette période, le nouveau président organise un service de librairie en faveur des bibliothèques populaires, pédagogiques et régimentaires qui ont adhéré à la Ligue. Entre 1871 et 1889, il tente aussi de mobiliser l'opinion publique pour influencer le travail du législateur sur l'enseignement primaire et la formation prémilitaire des jeunes gens.

Une pétition en faveur d'une instruction publique, gratuite, obligatoire et laïque est lancée avec l'aide de la presse libérale et du Cercle parisien. Le « mouvement national du sou contre l'ignorance » lancé en septembre 1871 permet de recueillir en quinze mois plus de 1 300 000 signatures remises à l'Assemblée nationale. En novembre 1872, une nouvelle campagne est lancée auprès des élus locaux sur la question de la laïcité, conçue comme « neutralité de l'école publique». Face au gouvernement prônant « l'ordre moral », la Ligue se rapproche de l'armée par le biais des bibliothèques régimentaires. Sa devise est alors « pour la patrie, par le livre et l'épée ».

En avril 1881, un grand congrès est organisé en vue de donner à la Ligue sa forme fédérale. Le poids et le crédit accordés à la Ligue prennent de plus en plus d'importance et les actions menées par l'organisation laïque commencent à être reconnues par les institutions publiques. Le 21 avril 1881, au Trocadéro, elle est ainsi consacrée « organisation républicaine » par Léon Gambetta. L'arrivée de Jules Ferry au ministère de l'Instruction publique et des Beaux-Arts marque un grand changement. Sous l'influence d'autres ligueurs, Ferdinand Buisson, Paul Bert et René Goblet, le Parlement vote les lois scolaires sur la gratuité de l'enseignement primaire (16 juin 1881), l'obligation et la laïcité (28 mars 1882). En 1886, plus du tiers des députés et des sénateurs sont membres de la Ligue.

À partir de 1894, la Ligue s'implique de plus en plus dans les œuvres post-scolaires au moyen des patronages laïcs et de la mutualité scolaire. À partir de cette date également, et surtout après 1905 et le vote de la loi de séparation des églises et de l'État, l'influence de Jean Macé au sein de l'association s'estompe progressivement, bien que son rôle dans la création et le développement de la Ligue soit toujours respecté.

En décembre 1925, une « assemblée constituante de la Ligue régénérée » modifie ses structures et décentralise l'association. La Ligue prend alors le nom de « Confédération générale des oeuvres laïques scolaires, postscolaires, d'éducation et de solidarité sociale ». Elle est reconnue d'utilité publique par le décret du 31 mai 1930.

L'entre-deux-guerres permet à la Ligue de se développer et de lancer de nouveaux projets. Ainsi, dans le souci de mettre l'art, les techniques, les disciplines sportives au service de tous, elle crée des sections spécialisées, les « UFO ». La première, en 1928, l'Union française des œuvres laïques d'éducation physique (UFOLEP) et sa filiale, l'Union sportive de l'enseignement primaire (USEP), créée en 1939, permet à des centaines de milliers d'enfants la pratique du sport.

À partir de 1940, le nouveau gouvernement de Vichy décide d'écarter de la vie publique cette organisation influente et, par décret du 17 avril 1942, la Ligue est dissoute et ses biens placés sous séquestre. Elle est rétablie en 1945, lors du Congrès de refondation au cours duquel le général de Gaulle déclare : « Honneur à la Ligue de l'enseignement ».

Dans son assemblée générale du 11 juillet 1967, une nouvelle réforme des statuts est adoptée. La Ligue prend alors le nom de « Ligue française de l’enseignement et de l’éducation permanente, Confédération générale des œuvres laïques ».

Par arrêté du 8 janvier 1985, puis du 19 avril 1985 modifiant le premier arrêté, elle devient titulaire d’une concession de service public.

Depuis lors, la Ligue est au cœur du rassemblement des organisations laïques qui luttent en faveur de l'école de la République, et ses actions se déploient bien au-delà de l'école et du périscolaire. Ainsi, tout en restant ancrée dans le monde rural, elle s'investit dans les quartiers urbains. À la suite de l'échec du « grand service public unifié et laïque de l'Éducation nationale », la Ligue approfondit la notion de laïcité en sollicitant les sciences humaines et en se confrontant aux croyants. En 1987, les Cercles Condorcet sont créés dans le but d'alimenter les débats d'idées. En 1999, la Ligue organise le premier Salon de l'éducation qui a lieu depuis lors, tous les ans, à la fin du mois de novembre.

En 2016, la Ligue célébre son 150e anniversaire.


Rate this content

Was this content helpful? Let Archives Portal Europe and the archival institution know what you think.

Add feedback

Contact this institution

Feedback is sent directly to the institution holding this material and should preferably be submitted in English or in the language of the institution, if possible. The institution will aim at getting back to you as soon as possible to help you with your request, though you might need to allow between two and four weeks for this depending on the current workload at the institution.

Not all required fields have been filled in.

Full name*

Your full name is required

Email address*

Your email address is required

Your message*

A message is required

Archives Portal Europe help guide

Please select amongst the relevant tips we can help with. If you still have questions, please do not hesitate to contact us, and we will be in touch as soon as possible.

Starting your search here will include all content available in Archives Portal Europe. Simply enter your keyword(s) and hit the search button. Wrap fixed expressions in quotation marks, e.g. “French Revolution”. Check the box to “Search each term separately” in case you are looking for documents containing at least one word, but not necessarily all keywords; this will also allow you to search for the same term in multiple languages at the same time (e.g. “French Revolution” “Révolution Française”). You can also use wildcards - find more about Research Tools here. If you would like to use more specific settings, try our Advanced search

The additional advanced search options give you the possibility to focus your search in:

  • archival documents (Search in archives),
  • names of person and organisations that created, worked with and maintained these documents (Search in names),
  • Institutions currently holding the documents (Search in institutions).

When searching with multiple terms at the same time, wrap fixed expressions in quotation marks (e.g. "French Revolution"), or check the box "Search each term separately" in case you are looking for either one term of the other. This will also allow you to search for the same term in multiple languages (e.g. "French Revolution" "Révolution française"). You can also choose one of the suggestions matching your search term once you start typing.

This will only show results that include documents that have been digitised and are available online

Use this option to search only one or more keywords, rather than all of them

Select where your search terms should appear specifically inside the archival description:

  • Title: search terms will appear in the title, or name, of the description
  • Content Summary: search terms will appear in the main description of the document or of the collection
  • Reference code: it is the identifier of the archival material as provided by the institution. Use this option if you know the exact reference code of the material you are looking for

You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the archival description:

  • The name can be the full name of a person, family or organisation as well as only parts of it, e.g. only the last name.
  • The identifier is used internally by the institution or refers to (inter)national vocabularies such as the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF).
  • The place can be the place of birth (or foundation), the place of death (or closing), the place of work or any other place of importance.
  • The occupation is the profession or job of a person.
  • The mandate is a law, directive or charter that establishes and defines an organisation's powers, functions, responsibilities or sphere of activities.
  • The function is an activity, role, or purpose performed or manifested by a person, family or organisation.

You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the description of the archive:

  • Name: search term appears in the name of the institution. It can be the full name of an archival institution or only parts of it.
  • Place: search term appears in the address or area of the institution. It can be the city or town, where the archival institution is located or any other place of importance (e.g. previous locations)

  • A finding aid is a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds, up to item level.
  • A holdings guide is an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.
  • A source guide is a topic-oriented overview of collections and fonds of one or several institutions.
    You can filter by one or more entity types:
  • A person (e.g. John Locke, or Jean Jaques Rousseau);
  • A family (e.g. Bonaparte, or Helgason);
  • A corporate body, i.e. the name of an institution, organisation, or company (e.g. Ministerie van Justitie, or Electro Mecánica Antonio Armentano)

Please note that this filter will only include institutions, for which a type has been provided as part of their descriptions:

  • A business archive holds the records of (often) commercial organisations.
  • A church or religious archive holds the records of church parishes or religious organisations, e.g. birth or death registers.
  • A county or local authority archive holds the records of the county's administrative bodies.
  • A media archive holds audiovisual or sound records, e.g. a film archive or the archive of a broadcasting company.
  • A municipal archive holds the records of a town or city administration.
  • A national archive holds the records of a country's administrative bodies, i.e. from ministries and other public bodies, sometimes also private papers of former ministers, chancellors, or presidents.
  • A private person or family archive holds the records forming the legacy of a prominent person or family.
  • A regional archive holds the records of a region's administrative bodies.
  • A specialised governmental archive holds records of public bodies, often operating on a national level, that are not part of the national archives' holdings.
  • A specialised non-governmental archive or archive of another cultural heritage institution hold collections from various cultural heritage institutions, eg. museum archives, libraries archives, etc
  • A university archive or archive of another research organisation holds the records pertaining to the administration of the according educational or research body.
  • Political parties, popular/labour movements and other non-governmental organisations, associations, agencies and foundations hold the archival collections of these institutions, outside of governmental records and outside of business archives (e.g., NGOs)

Enter a start and/or end date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01-01-1900 for 1 January 1900. This will allow you to focus your search on a specific period of time. You can use the calendar function or type directly in the text field. The checkbox "Exact date search" concentrates the search on one specific date.

Check "View in context" to view the results in the hierarchical structure of archives.

  • Choose "List view" to view the results in a simple list, ordered according to relevance or date
  • Choose "Context view" to view the results in the hierarchical structure of the holding archives.

For more details see Research Tools

Please sign in to save your searches.

A holdings guide is an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.

A finding aid is a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds up to item level.

You can filter results by selecting one or more countries of interest. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by one or more holding archival institutions. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can select to view results from a specific Finding Aid, i.e., a structured description of archival materials per collection or fonds up to item level. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter by type of descriptive document:

  • "Holdings Guide": an overview of the collections and fonds of one archival institution.
  • "Source guide": a topic-oriented overview of collections and fonds of one or several institutions. a description of the archival collections available. Similar to Holdings guides
  • "Finding aid" provides more detailed descriptions of the archival materials of specific collections or fonds

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by selecting "Fonds description" for a general overview or "Other descriptions" for item level. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by selecting only those containing digital objects, i.e. the link to the digitised version of the archival material you are looking for. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by type of digital object you are interested in:

  • Text: most documental material, such as administrative records, letters, manuscripts etc.
  • Image: includes photographs, posters, maps.
  • Sound: sound recording with no images
  • Video: moving images with or without sound
  • Unspecified: indicates that the holding institution has not specified the type of digital object
  • 3D: 3-d digital objects

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your filter selection will appear above. Click "Clear filters" to see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers)

  • Full dates includes normalised date information available for date-based searches. It is recommended to combine this selection with the filters "Start timespan" and "End timespan" for more details.
  • Only descriptive dates provides the date information in human-readable format.
  • No date either includes documents where the creation date is unknown, or where date information is not in a machine-readable format

Please note that not all documents contain a machine-readable date. More information here

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers). This filter will only include materials with "Full dates", i.e. those that include date information available for date-based searches. You can either search for a specific date of interest or focus step by step on the time span of a century, decade, year or month. When searching for a specific date, enter the date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01/01/1900 for 1 January 1900, via the calendar function or by typing directly in the text field.
This filter concentrates on the earliest dates mentioned in the materials.

You can filter results based on the date of creation of the archival material (which may differ from the time period you are interested in - e.g., philosophers from the Enlightenment period reflecting on classic thinkers). This filter will only include materials with "Full dates", i.e. those that include date information available for date-based searches. You can either search for a specific date of interest or focus step by step on the time span of a century, decade, year or month. When searching for a specific date, enter the date in the format DD-MM-YYYY, i.e. 01/01/1900 for 1 January 1900, via the calendar function or by typing directly in the text field.
This filter concentrates on the latest dates mentioned in the materials.

You can filter results based on the language in which the material is written. Please note that this filter will only include materials where specific language information has been provided by the institution and is therefore in a machine-readable format. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.



You can filter results by selecting one or more topics of interest. Please note that this filter will only include materials where the topic has been assigned and is therefore in a machine-readable format. Read how to assign a topic to documents on the Topics page. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.



You can filter results by selecting where your search terms appears specifically inside the archival description:

  • The name can be the full name of a person, family or organisation as well as only parts of it, e.g. only the last name.
  • The identifier is used internally by the institution or refers to (inter)national vocabularies such as the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF).
  • The place can be the place of birth (or foundation), the place of death (or closing), the place of work or any other place of importance.
  • The occupation is the profession or job of a person
  • The mandate is a law, directive or charter that establishes and defines an organisation's powers, functions, responsibilities or sphere of activities.
  • The function is an activity, role, or purpose performed or manifested by a person, family or organisation

You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results by type of entities:

  • Person (e.g., John Locke or Jean Jaques Rousseau)
  • Family (e.g., the family Bonaparte)
  • Corporate body (an institution, organisation, or company, e.g. the "Ministerie van Justitie")
You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the language in which the material is written. Please note that this filter will only include materials where specific language information has been provided by the institution and is therefore in a machine-readable format. You can also combine this filter with other filters. Your selection will then be displayed above the search results (see "Search filters"). Clicking "Clear filters" will remove your selection and you will see all results matching your initial search request again.

You can filter results based on the type of holding institution. Please note that this filter will only include institutions, for which a type has been provided as part of their descriptions.

  • A business archive holds the records of (often) commercial organisations.
  • A church or religious archive holds the records of church parishes or religious organisations, e.g. birth or death registers.
  • A county or local authority archive holds the records of the county's administrative bodies.
  • A media archive holds audiovisual or sound records, e.g. a film archive or the archive of a broadcasting company.
  • A municipal archive holds the records of a town or city administration.
  • A national archive holds the records of a country's administrative bodies, i.e. from ministries and other public bodies, sometimes also private papers of former ministers, chancellors, or presidents.
  • A private person or family archive holds the records forming the legacy of a prominent person or family.
  • A regional archive holds the records of a region's administrative bodies.
  • A specialised governmental archive holds records of public bodies, often operating on a national level, that are not part of the national archives' holdings.
  • A specialised non-governmental archive or archive of another cultural heritage institution hold collections from various cultural heritage institutions, eg. museum archives, libraries archives, etc
  • A university archive or archive of another research organisation holds the records pertaining to the administration of the according educational or research body.
  • Political parties, popular/labour movements and other non-governmental organisations, associations, agencies and foundations hold the archival collections of these institutions, outside of governmental records and outside of business archives (e.g., NGOs)

Write your message in your own language and use this drop-down menu to have your message translated into English or in the language of the institution for a swifter response. By checking this box and selecting a language you will send your original message along with the translated version

What kind of suggestion would you like to make?

  • Assign to topic: assign this record to one of our Topics. Topics are created following the Unesco Thesaurus
  • Suggest translation: If you have translated this archival description or the documents themselves, please send it to us as a .doc or .pdf file
  • Connect to another resource: If this object relates to another resource in Archives Portal Europe, or anywhere else on the web (e.g., an article on Wikipedia), you can suggest it to be linked to this resource
  • Other: If you have any other relevant material, such as a transcription of the document, please upload it and let us know here

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for Attribution Creative Commons Licence

This object is not or no longer protected by copyright and has been labelled with the Public Domain Mark. It can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication. All possible existing rights in the content are waived, and the object can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution (BY) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object, even commercially, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for Attribution Creative Commons Share Alike Licence

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NoDerivs

This is a test area to fill out all the copyright details for NonCommercial

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike (BY-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak and build upon the licensed object, even for commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, No Derivates (BY-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object, even commercially, as long as no alteration is made to the object and you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial (BY-NC) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike (BY-NC-SA) licence. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the licensed object for non-commercial use only, as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence, and as long as you license your adaptations of the object under the same terms.

This object is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivates (BY-NC-ND) licence. You can copy and redistribute the object for non-commercial use only, as long as no alteration is made to the object and as long as you attribute the rights holder as described in the licence.

If you remix, transform or build upon the object, you may not distribute the modified material.

This object is in the public domain, but has been digitised as the outcome of a public-private partnership, where the terms of the contractual agreement limit commercial use for a certain period of time. You can copy, redistribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the object for non-commercial use only.

This object has been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

This object is in the public domain, but is subject to known legal restrictions other than copyright which prevent its free re-use. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

This object is currently in copyright. Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for re-use.

The copyright status of this object has not been evaluated yet. Please contact the providing institution for more information.

You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy, or moral rights.

This object is currently in copyright and the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only. You are free to use this object in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Please note that you are responsible for your own use, including the need to obtain other permissions e.g. with regard to publicity, privacy or moral rights.

Please contact the providing institution for more information and in order to acquire additional permissions for any other uses.

Return to search Make a suggestion Contact this institution