XIIe siècle
XXe siècle
La famille de Jaucourt est une ancienne famille de la noblesse française, originaire de l'Aube, connue depuis la fin du XIIe siècle. A partir du XIVe siècle, elle se divise en plusieurs branches : Jaucourt de Villarnoul, de Ménétreux, d’Espeuilles, du Vault, de La Vaiserie, des Faveras, de Chazelles, de Bonnesson. Elle s’est alliée aux familles d’Anlezy, d’Arlay de La Boullaye, de Bellanger, Cartier de La Boutière, Cléry de de Sérans, de Dammartin, Digoine, de Dinteville, Du Faur, Gilly, de La Trémoïlle, de Rabutin.
La famille tient son nom de la seigneurie de Jaucourt (Aube) en Champagne, vendue en 1367 par Jeanne de Jaucourt au duc de Bourgogne Philippe-le-Hardi. Jaucourt fera ensuite partie du duché-pairie de Beaufort, érigé en faveur de Gabrielle d'Estrées.
Au XVIe siècle, une partie des Jaucourt se convertissent au protestantisme.
Les armes des Jaucourt sont « De sable à deux lions léopardés d’or ».
Les premiers Jaucourt
Le premier Jaucourt attesté est Lambert de Jaucourt (vers 1170-1213), chambrier du comte Thibaud de Champagne, chambellan de la comtesse de Champagne, qui achète la terre de Jaucourt vers 1200. Son fils Pierre Ier de Jaucourt (vers 1190-1244), chambrier de la comtesse Blanche de Navarre, panetier de Champagne, épouse Alix de Mathaux, dame de Dinteville. Son fils cadet, Pierre de Jaucourt, prend vers 1255 le nom de Dinteville et ses descendants abandonnent le nom de Jaucourt, tout en en conservant ses armes. La lignée directe issue d’Érard de Jaucourt (mort vers 1271), fils de Pierre Ier, s’éteint en 1367 par le décès d’Erard III de Jaucourt.
Branche de Villarnoul
La maison de Jaucourt se poursuit par la branche de Villarnoul, fondée par Richard de Jaucourt (mort vers 1340), petit-fils de Pierre Ier, qui épouse en 1318 Marie de Villarnoul. La famille de Jaucourt de Villarnoul connait une destinée brillante au XVe siècle au service du duc de Bourgogne : Philippe Ier de Jaucourt, seigneur de Villarnoul (mort vers 1390) est conseiller et maître d’hôtel du duc de Bourgogne, gouverneur du Nivernais et du Donziois ; Gui de Jaucourt (mort vers 1455) est conseiller et chambellan du duc de Bourgogne et gouverneur des Enfants de Bourgogne ; Philibert de Jaucourt (mort vers 1467) est gouverneur de l’Auxerrois, conseiller et chambellan du duc de Bourgogne et épouse Agnès de La Trémoïlle.
Jean de Jaucourt dit Digoine (mort vers 1513), est lui aussi conseiller et chambellan du duc de Bourgogne et capitaine de 100 lances ; il se rallie en 1476 au roi de France Louis XI, qui le nomme gouverneur d’Auxerre ; il revient ensuite au service de la duchesse Marie de Bourgogne, épouse de Maximilien d’Autriche, dont il devient conseiller et grand-maître de son hôtel ; en représailles, Louis XI fait raser 14 de ses maisons et châteaux dont Villarnoul et Vaux-de-Lugny ; Jean de Jaucourt rentre dans ses biens sous le règne de Louis XII.
Au XVIe siècle, les Jaucourt de Villarnoul se convertissent à la religion prétendue réformée, sans doute à la suite de Jean II de Jaucourt (mort en 1572), enseigne des Cent-Gentilshommes de la maison du roi, époux de Jeanne-Françoise de Bar. Louis de Jaucourt (mort en 1593), son fils, épouse en premières noces Élisabeth de La Trémoïlle, dame de Ménétreux. Jean III de Jaucourt (né vers 1572), son petit-fils, épouse Marthe de Mornay, fille de Philippe Duplessis-Mornay, chef de file du parti protestant et de Charlotte de L’Arbaleste. Au XVIIe, siècle Jean-Philippe de Jaucourt, baron de La Forêt-sur-Sèvre, commissaire du roi pour les affaires du calvinisme, émigre en Hollande après la révocation de l’édit de Nantes. Son fils Philippe III de Jaucourt (mort en 1738) fera une carrière militaire en Hollande.
La branche de Villarnoul s’éteint au XVIIIe siècle par suite du mariage de Catherine Renée de Jaucourt avec Charles, comte de Bellay, de qui elle eut une fille, Catherine Félicité, dame de Villarnoul qui épouse en 1722 Anne-Auguste de Montmorency, prince de Robecq.
Branche du Vault
Fondée par Jean-Louis de Jaucourt, second fils de Jean III de Jaucourt et de Marthe de Mornay, la branche du Vault s’éteint en 1774 par le décès sans postérité de Jacques-Anne, comte de Jaucourt du Vault, officier au régiment de Bauffrémont.
Branche de Ménétreux
Fondée par Jacques de Jaucourt, second fils de Louis et d’Élisabeth de La Trémoille, elle s’éteint au XVIIe siècle en la personne de Joachim II de Jaucourt, petit-fils de Jacques.
Branche d’Espeuilles
Fondée par Pierre de Jaucourt, troisième fils de Louis et d’Élisabeth de La Trémoïlle, cette branche a connu plusieurs illustres représentants aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles :
• Louis, dit le chevalier de Jaucourt (1704-1779), homme de lettres, collaborateur de l’Encyclopédie.
• Louis-Pierre (1726-1813), dit le comte de Jaucourt, baron d’Huban, 1er gentilhomme de la chambre du prince de Condé, maréchal de camp (1762).
• Étienne Vivans de Jaucourt (1727- ?), dit le vicomte de Jaucourt, colonel en 1770 du régiment d’Infanterie-Marine.
• Arnail-François de Jaucourt (1757-1852), comte puis marquis de Jaucourt (à partir de 1817), colonel du 2e régiment de Condé-dragons en 1788, membre de l’Assemblée législative en 1791, royaliste modéré rallié aux idées révolutionnaires, appelé au Tribunat par Bonaparte, fait sénateur (an XII) et comte d’Empire (1808), il assure l’intérim du ministère des Affaires étrangères du 1er au 14 avril 1814, pendant le séjour de Talleyrand au Congrès de Vienne. Pair de France, il est nommé ministre de la Marine le 9 juillet 1815, mais il se retire en même temps que Talleyrand au mois de septembre. Membre du Conseil privé, il se rallie à la monarchie de Juillet. En 1848, il se prononce pour le prince Louis-Napoléon. Il épouse Marie Charlotte Louise Perrette Aglaé Bontemps (1762-1848), mais sans enfant mâle, il adopte en 1821 Louis Charles François Levisse de Montigny et lui transmet son titre de marquis.
• Louis Charles François Levisse de Montigny de Jaucourt, comte de Jaucourt (1825-1906), chef de cabinet de Persigny, ministre de l’Intérieur de 1852 à 1854, député au Corps législatif en (1863-1869).
• Frédéric François Arnail Pierre Levisse de Montigny de Jaucourt, marquis de Jaucourt (1876-1969), généreux donateur du musée Guimet à Paris au début du XXe siècle. Il épouse en 1913 Josefina Maria de Las Mercedes de Atucha et s'établit en Argentine. Le couple a deux filles : Laurette Marie (1915-1996), qui épouse Charles Henri, duc de Lévis-Mirepoix ; Marie-Thérèse (1914-2005), qui épouse Ernesto Nazar. Le second fils de celui-ci, Ernesto Francisco Nazar, relève en France en 2001 le titre de marquis et le nom de Jaucourt (il se fait appeler Nazar Jaucourt).
Branche de La Vaiserie
Fondée par Gabriel de Jaucourt, quatrième fils de Louis de Jaucourt et d’Élisabeth de La Trémoille, époux de Claude de La Perrière. La branche de La Vaiserie donne plusieurs officiers militaires et plusieurs religieuses aux dames de Saint-Dominique de Montargis et au carmel de Pontoise. Elle s’éteint vers 1750.
Branche des Faveras
Fondée par François de Jaucourt (mort en 1709), seigneur des Faveras, cinquième fils de Jean, seigneur de La Vaiserie (mort en 1638) et d’Anne de Jaucourt. François de Jaucourt abjure le protestantisme pour épouser Catherine Le Pelletier, qui a elle-même abjuré en 1684. François-Lancelot de Jaucourt (mort en 1799) est abbé du Val-Richer. La branche s’éteint à la fin du XVIIIe siècle.
Branche de Chazelles
Fondée par Hélie de Jaucourt, seigneur de Chazelles (mot en 1667), second fils de Gabriel de Jaucourt, seigneur de La Vaiserie et de Claude de La Perrière, elle compte au XVIIIe siècle deux chevaliers de Malte : Charles Léopold de Jaucourt, marquis de Jaucourt (1736-1799) et son frère Pierre-Marie de Jaucourt, chevalier de Jaucourt. Charles Léopold de Jaucourt, lointain cousin d'Arnail François de Jaucourt, est gouverneur de la ville et citadelle de Valenciennes en mars 1788 ; il émigre au début de la Révolution et sert dans l'armée des Princes ; il devient ministre d'État du comte de Provence, futur Louis XVIII, à partir de 1794, à la cour de Vérone puis de Mittau, où il décède en 1799, sans postérité.
Branche de Bonnesson
Fondée par Gabriel II de Jaucourt, seigneur de Bonnesson, troisième fils de Gabriel, seigneur de La Vaiserie et de Claude de La Perrière. Gabriel II est condamné à mort en 1659 et exécuté pour avoir soutenu la révolte des Sabotiers en Sologne, et ses biens sont confisqués. La branche s’éteint au milieu du XVIIIe siècle.
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