15 juin 1879
1er décembre 1962
Wallon, Henri (1879-1962)
Henri Wallon (1879-1962) est le fils de l'architecte Paul Wallon et le petit-fils de l'homme politique du même nom, qui avait présenté l'amendement relatif à l’organisation des pouvoirs publics, voté le 30 janvier 1875. Élève au lycée Louis-le-Grand à Paris, il a comme condisciple Henri Piéron. Il entre à l'École nomale supérieure en 1899, est reçu à la licence ès sciences en 1900 et à l'agrégation de philosophie en 1902. Après un an d'enseignement au lycée de Bar-le-Duc il décide de poursuivre des études de médecine, grâce à une bourse de la Fondation Thiers. Il soutient en 1908 sa thèse de médecine, préparée à l'hôpital de La Salpêtrière et consacrée au délire de persécution. Assistant à Bicêtre du professeur Nageotte, histologiste du système nerveux, Henri Wallon se servira de ses observations dans la thèse qu'il soutiendra après la guerre. Avant 1914, il milite quelques années au sein du Parti socialiste et s'intéresse aux questions politiques et sociales.
Mobilisé en août 1914, Henri Wallon est médecin chef de bataillon pendant toute la guerre et même, de janvier 1917 à novembre 1918, il reste plusieurs mois près de la ligne de front comme médecin chef d'un train sanitaire. Témoin des pertubations psychiques engendrées par la guerre chez certains soldats, il commence alors à s'intéresser à la neurologie. Affecté au centre psychiatrique de Tours, de novembre 1918 à mars 1919, il étudie les problèmes de détérioration et de récupération du cerveau dans les cas de blessure de guerre au cerveau. Mais il reprend ses travaux engagés avant la guerre et soutient en 1925 sa thèse de doctorat ès lettres sur la psychologie de l'enfant. Sa thèse principale, intitulée Stades et troubles du développement psychologique et mental chez l'enfant, est accompagnée d'une thèse complémentaire, L'Enfant turbulent.
Chargé de conférences puis de cours sur la psychologie de l’enfant à la Sorbonne (1919-1937), Henri Wallon crée en 1922, dans une école de Boulogne-Billancourt un laboratoire qui deviendra en 1927 le laboratoire de psychobiologie de l'enfant de l'École Pratique des Hautes Études (3e section), qu'il dirige de 1927 à 1937. Nommé en 1927 directeur de l'École Pratique des Hautes études, il est aussi chargé de cours à la Sorbonne de 1932 à 1937 et professeur au Collège de France de 1937 à 1949, occupant la chaire de psychologie et d'éducation de l'enfance.
Dans les années 30, Henri Wallon se tourne vers le marxisme et le modèle soviétique. Il se rend en URSS en septembre 1931 pour prendre part à la VIIe conférence internationale de psychotechnique ; il fait partie du Cercle de la Russie neuve (qui devient en 1936 l'Association pour l'étude de la culture soviétique), dont le but est de propager le marxisme en lien avec l'état de la science en URSS ; il préface en 1935 l'ouvrage A la lumière du marxisme dans lequel il publie une étude sur « Psychologie et technique » et donne des cours et conférences à l'Université ouvrière et à l'Institut supérieur ouvrier. Dès 1933 Henri Wallon s'engage contre le fascisme, il soutient les républicains espagnols et milite au sein du comité de vigilance des intellectuels fascistes, préside le comité pour l'aide aux enfants espagnols et se rend plusieurs fois en Espagne.
Dès le lendemain de la Première guerre mondiale, Henri Wallon s'intéresse à la pédagogie et à l'« éducation nouvelle ». Il appartient avec Henri Piéron au Groupe français d'éducation nouvelle créé en 1921, écrit de nombreux articles pour l' Ere nouvelle et participe aux travaux de la Société française de pédagogie qu'il préside de 1937 à 1962.
Pendant la Seconde guerre mondiale, les cours d'Henri Wallon au Collège de France sont suspendus à partir de mars 1941. Henri Wallon prend part à la résistance universitaire sous le pseudonyme d'Hubert. A La Libération, il est nommé secrétaire général provisoire du ministère de l'Éducation nationale (20 août 1944-mi septembre 1944), et devient membre de la Commission ministérielle pour la réforme de l'enseignement créée en novembre 1944 et présidée par Paul Langevin. Il devient président de cette commission après la mort de Paul Langevin en décembre 1946 et remet le rapport final de cette commission dite « Langevin-Wallon » le 19 juin 1947. Henri Wallon est aussi élu député en octobre 1945 de l'Assemblée constituante. Jusqu'à sa mort il reste un fidèle militant du parti communiste, malgré le malaise créée par la répression soviétique de l'insurrection hongroise d'octobre 1956.
En 1948 Henri Wallon créee la revue Enfance et préside ou dirige diverses organisations et associations, dont l'Institut national d'Orientation professionnelle, les centres psycho-pédagogiques pour les établissements d'enseignement, le Comité français du cinéma pour la jeunesse, le renouveau pour l'aide aux enfants victimes de Vichy et du nazisme, l'Université ouvrière, etc.
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