13 mai 1879
1er janvier 1980
Musée pédagogique (France ; 1879-1980)
Liste des directeurs du Musée pédagogique :
1879-1887 : Bonaventure Berger, Musée pédagogique
1887 : Félix-Louis Martel, Musée pédagogique
1887-1890 : Artidor Beurier, Musée pédagogique
1890-1896 : Jules Steeg, Musée pédagogique
1896-1903 : Émile Couturier, Musée pédagogique
1903-1913 : Charles-Victor Langlois, Musée pédagogique
1913-1916 : Georges Coulet, Musée pédagogique
1916-1926 : Lucien Heer, Musée pédagogique
1926-1927 : Albert Hourtin, Musée pédagogique
1927-1938 : Louis Ripault, Musée pédagogique
1938-1949 : Marcel Lebrun, Musée pédagogique
1949-1960 : Louis Cros, Musée pédagogique, CNDP puis IPN
Les États au XIXe siècle investissent le champ de l’Instruction et les expositions universelles mettent à l’honneur l’innovation pédagogique dans des pavillons scolaires, qui font la fierté de chaque pays. Le premier musée pédagogique est créé en Allemagne à Stuttgart en 1851, mais la France tarde à établir une telle institution. Ferdinand Buisson, pédagogue, fervent républicain, relance l’idée d’un musée pédagogique français à partir de 1878, aboutissant à sa création par décret du 13 mai 1879.
La création
En 1871, Jules Simon, ministre de l’Instruction publique, prend l’initiative de créer au ministère un « musée scolaire » devant rassembler livres, tableaux et appareils à l’usage des écoles, salles d’asile et cours d’adultes. Par circulaire du 14 décembre 1872, renouvelée le 4 mai puis le 6 août 1873, les recteurs et les inspecteurs sont informés de la création du musée, tout en étant invités à faire relever, dans les bibliothèques publiques de leur ressort, « la liste des ouvrages manuscrits ou imprimés, documents d’intérêt général, monographies locales, règlements, statistiques, antérieurs ou postérieurs à 1789, qui se rapportent aux écoles primaires » [ Bulletin administratif de l’Instruction publique (BAIP) n° 297, pp. 893-894]. Faute de place au ministère, le musée est inauguré le 2 mars 1873 dans le magasin scolaire de la Ville de Paris, quai Morland. En raison de difficultés d’installation, le projet est abandonné brusquement.
Sous l'impulsion de Ferdinand Buisson, le projet de musée pédagogique est relancé à l'occasion de l'Exposition universelle de 1878. Le Palais du Champ-de-Mars est désigné pour accueillir une bibliothèque d'ouvrages publiés par les professeurs français de 1867 à 1878 [circulaire du 3 septembre 1877, BAIP n° 415, pp. 738-741]. Le 13 mai 1879, sur rapport de Jules Ferry, ministre de l’Instruction publique et des Beaux-Arts, au Président de la République Jules Grévy, se fondant sur des précédents étrangers et rappelant les tentatives avortées, un décret porte création d'un « Musée pédagogique et une bibliothèque centrale de l'enseignement primaire, comprenant des collections diverses de matériel scolaire, des documents historiques et statistiques et des livres de classe provenant de la France et de l'étranger » [BAIP n° 441, pp. 372-378]. Dès le 30 mai suivant, le ministre reprend dans une circulaire aux recteurs les termes de la circulaire du 14 décembre 1872 [BAIP n° 441, pp. 409-410].
Les organisations successives
Le 11 juillet 1881, le conseil d'administration approuve un règlement intérieur. Quatre sections forment alors le cadre durable dans lequel les fonctions assignées à la nouvelle institution vont être remplies : matériel scolaire (plans de maisons d’écoles, types de mobiliers de classe) ; appareils d'enseignement (tableaux, modèles, collections géographiques, scientifiques et technologiques) ; bibliothèque centrale (livres pour les maîtres et pour les élèves notamment) ; documents relatifs à l'histoire de l'éducation (article 2). Ce règlement fixe également le mode de fonctionnement de la bibliothèque du Musée.
En février 1882, s'y ajoute la bibliothèque circulante permettant d’aider, par des prêts gratuits, à la préparation aux concours de l'enseignement. Le 15 juillet de la même année, paraît le premier numéro de la Revue pédagogique qui se veut « en quelque sorte un congrès pédagogique permanent et universel » [ Revue pédagogique n° 1, 15 juillet 1882].
En 1896, le service des vues est créé pour « mettre à la disposition des sociétés d'instruction populaire des appareils de projections lumineuses et des collections de vues photographiques pouvant servir à l'enseignement dans les cours d'adultes et les conférences populaires » [BAIP, n° 1155, p. 283].
L'activité du Musée, intense en période d'expositions, est moindre au début du XXe siècle et la création parallèle le 10 juin 1901 d'un Office d'informations et d'études rend une réorganisation inévitable [décret du 10 juin 1901, BAIP n° 1479, p. 233]. Cet office est chargé de réunir, classer et répertorier des documents officiels et les publications de nature à faire connaître la législation et l'administration de l'Instruction publique à l'étranger. Il est donc doté d'une bibliothèque destinée à « la centralisation et la mise en valeur des documents imprimés et manuscrits, rapports sur mission, communications de conseils etc. ... qui étaient dispersés dans les archives des directions et bureaux du ministère ».
Le décret du 1er avril 1903 fond les deux institutions sous le nom de « Musée pédagogique, bibliothèque, office et musée de l'enseignement publique » (article 1) dont la compétence s'étend désormais à tous les degrés d'enseignement. Il comprend trois départements et deux services auxiliaires :
- une bibliothèque dont la bibliothèque circulante reste distincte ;
- un office chargé notamment des relations avec l'étranger ;
- un musée auquel sont adjoints le service des vues lumineuses et l'office des œuvres auxiliaires et complémentaires de l'école [BAIP n° 1575, p. 793]. Ce dernier, dirigé par Maurice Pellisson, inspecteur d'académie, futur directeur, centralise les documents statistiques, prépare les enquêtes, attribue des récompenses dans le domaine des cours d'adultes et de l'éducation populaire [circulaire du 17 mars 1904, BAIP n° 1614, pp. 431-432]. Les structures de l'établissement sont désormais stables et les textes officiels ne concernent que le personnel. Le décret du 13 octobre 1906 entraîne toutefois une modification structurelle en rattachant la fonction de bibliothècaire-conservateur du musée à celle d'archiviste de l'office [BAIP n° 1747, p. 757]. Enfin, en 1908, il apparaît nécessaire de rappeler qu’« une commission instituée en 1904 a été chargée d'examiner les objets d'enseignement primaire élémentaire auxquels les auteurs et éditeurs voudraient assurer la publicité du Musée » [BAIP n° 1857, p. 1017].
Dans les années qui suivent la Première Guerre mondiale, la nécessité d'une nouvelle réforme se fait sentir : le décret du 20 mars 1926 modifié le 14 septembre suivant, en fixant les cadres du personnel, consacre officiellement l'existence du service des films créé en 1920 [BAIP n° 2571, pp. 36-43]. Peu après, Paul Langevin est désigné pour présider une commission de réorganisation [BAIP n° 2579, p. 266]. Le besoin nouveau se fait sentir d'utiliser le Musée comme « un centre d'études théoriques de pédagogie où la sociologie et la psychologie expérimentale entreraient en contact avec la pédagogie pratique... » [71AJ/1, rapport d'activité pour l'année scolaire 1926-1927]. Le Musée ainsi conçu se veut le modèle de musées régionaux. Ces travaux de réforme aboutissent le 28 avril 1932 à la constitution du Centre national de documentation pédagogique (CNDP), installé le 15 octobre suivant dans de nouveaux locaux au 29 de la rue d'Ulm [décret du 6 décembre 1936]. De 1932 à 1936, diverses commissions centrales sont mises en place tandis que des relais départementaux décentralisent les activités.
Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les tâches de recherche pédagogique se développent sous l'impulsion du CNDP, organisé par les arrêtés du 27 février puis du 7 octobre 1950 [ Bulletin officiel de l’Éducation nationale (BOEN) n° 9, 2 mars 1950, p. 677]. Il comporte des services centraux de documentation et d'information, un musée de l'enseignement public, une bibliothèque, cinémathèque, phonothèque centrales de l'enseignement public, des services administratifs, techniques, de recherche et d'information pédagogique, d'enseignement par correspondance. Peu à peu, lui sont rattachés à des degrés divers le Centre international d'études pédagogiques (CIEP) et le Centre national d'enseignement par correspondance (CNEC).
En 1956, l'institution prend le nom d'Institut pédagogique national (IPN) et, dès lors, une impulsion est donnée aux actions régionales développées par les centres régionaux de documentation pédagogique (CRDP) [décret du 23 octobre 1956, BOEN n° 38, 1er novembre 1956, p. 2771].
Dans l'après Mai 1968, l'IPN fait place en 1970 à l'Institut national de recherche et de documentation pédagogique (INRDP) et à l'Office français des techniques modernes d'Éducation (OFRATEME) [décret n° 70-798 du 9 septembre 1970 et arrêté du 30 décembre 1970].
Le 3 août 1976, l’INRDP prend le nom d’Institut national de recherche pédagogique (INRP).
En 1980, le musée pédagogique, rattaché à l’INRP, quitte la rue d’Ulm pour Mont-Saint-Aignan (Rouen), où les « collections historiques » – matériels scolaires, livres de classes, auxquels sont venus s’ajouter au fil des décennies d’importantes séries d’estampes, de photographies, de travaux d’élèves, de jeux et jouets éducatifs) – sont réunies à celles du CRDP de Rouen pour former, à partir du 1er janvier 1980, le Musée national de l’éducation (MUNAÉ).
Les implantations successives
- 1878 : le Musée pédagogique est installé provisoirement dans des salles du Palais-Bourbon alors vacant, la Chambre siégeant encore à Versailles.
- 1879 : le Musée est transféré au 42 de la rue Lhomond (actuel 5e arrondissement de Paris) dans des bâtiments dépendant de l'ancien collège Rollin.
- 1884 : le 30 décembre, un décret affecte les bâtiments de l'ancienne école normale du travail manuel au Musée pédagogique et à la bibliothèque centrale de l'enseignement primaire.
- 1885 : le 17 avril, le Musée ouvre ses portes à l’angle des rues Louis-Thuillier et Gay-Lussac (au n° 42, actuel 5e arrondissement de Paris).
- 1932 : le 15 octobre, les services déménagent au 29 de la rue d'Ulm (actuel 5e arrondissement de Paris).
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